I. Introduction
A. Compared to other fields, not focused on nation-state system (state evolved around 5,000 yrs ago, nation-state system established about 350 yrs ago, many countries became independent of colonials after WWII, even in 1960s)
B. Hunter-gatherers = 99% human existence, 4-6 MY
C. Literature reviews: Keith Otterbein 1973, 1994, 1997, 1999, Brian Ferguson 1984, Anna Simons 1999

II. Conceptual Model
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WAR PEACE (-)

realist (hawks) liberal (doves)
human nature evil (Feibleman) good (Kohn)
naturist (instinct, genes) nurturist (socialization)
Hobbes* - pre-state Rousseau - state/kin
universalism (inevitable) particularism (diversity)
definition inclusive exclusive
materialism (etic = scientific) mentalism (emic = native)
essentialism constructionism
modernist postmodernist
pessimistic optimistic
"anthropology as apology for war" "anthropology as critical analysis of war & peace"
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*Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) & Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

III. Definitions

A. "War is an armed contest between two independent political units, by means of organized military force, in the pursuit of tribal or national policy." (Bronislaw Malinowski 1941:523)

(Also see Ferguson 1997:488, first paragraph, & handout on Levinson's definitions).

B. Compare with Gelvin handout
C. Inclusive vs. exclusive (Jonathan Haas 1996:1357)

IV. Types

A. Internal
1. Intra-group (blood feud & raiding like Yanomami)
2. Inter-group (civil war like Somalia)
B. External
1. International (Mexican-American, Vietnam-US)
2. Multinational (WWI, WWII, Gulf, Kosovo)
3. Global (nuclear)

V. Approaches

A. Primatology - Richard Wrangham, Michael Ghiglieri, Frans de Waal
B. Archaeology - Lawrence Keeley, Steven LeBlanc
C. Ethnohistory - Brian Ferguson & Neil Whitehead
D. Ethnography - Napoleon Chagnon (Yanomamo), Clayton & Carole Robarcheks (Waorani), Mervyn Meggit (Mae Enga), Klaus-Friedrich Koch (Jalemo)
E. Ethnology (cross-cultural comparison) - Otterbein, Melvin & Carol Ember, J.M.G. van der Dennen

VI. Explanations (Haas 1996:1357-1358)

A. Psychology & ethology (instinct, innate drive)
- Robert Ardrey
B. Cultural materialism & ecology (resource competition) - Marvin Harris
C. Cultural (political) evolution of state (circumscription)
- Robert Carneiro (see handout from Lewellen)
D. Sociobiology (inclusive fitness)
- Chagnon (Yanomamo), Wrangham & Ghiglieri (chimps, etc.)
E. Historical (political economy of European colonial contact)
- Brian Ferguson & Neil Whitehead
F. Eclectic (multiple factors) -
- Clayton & Carole Robarchek (Waorani)

VII. Recent Research Trends (see Ferguson 1997:489)

A. Increased attention to war regarding:
1. Sociobiology
2. Cross-cultural comparison (HRAF)
socialization-enculturation - Melvin & Carol Ember
3. Contemporary conflicts in the world more internal than external war, especially ethnic (Eller 1999) and "participant observation" on the frontlines (Nordstrom & Robben 1995)
4. Military as sociocultural institution & militarization as sociopolitical process (Simons 1999)

B. Continuing debate regarding
1. Universality & inevitability of war (Otterbein 1999)
2. Causes & effects (on sociocultural system) of war
3. "Tribal" compared to state level war

VIII. Future of War

A. Different forms, but mainly internal conflict in "developing" countries increasing with growing
1. Population
2. Economic pressures, resource scarcity, & inequality
3. Environmental deterioration (Haas 1996:1360)

B. Also see handout from Sponsel & Good 2000.

IX. Conclusions

A. War is cultural, recent, complex, diverse, & dynamic
B. Not necessarily exclusive of peace & nonviolence
C. War may be initiated, intensified, and/or transformed by Western colonial contact with indigenous societies

Anthropology of War: Literature Reviews (listed chronologically)

Otterbein, Keith F., 1973, "The Anthropology of War," in Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology, John J. Honigmann, ed., Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, pp. 923-958.
Ferguson, R. Brian, 1984, "Introduction: Studying War," in Warfare, Culture, and Environment, R. Brian Ferguson, ed., New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 1079.

Dawson, Doyne, 1996, "The Origins of War: Biological and Anthropological Theories," History and Theory: Studies in the Philosophy of History 35(1):1-28.

Otterbein, Keith F., 1997 (Spring), "The Origins of War," Critical Review 11(2):251-277.

Otterbein, Keith F., 1999 (December), "A History of Research on Warfare in Anthropology," American Anthropologist 101(4):794-805.

Simons, Anna, 1999, "War: Back to the Future," Annual Review of Anthropology 28:73-108.

Fry, Douglas P., 1999. "Peaceful Societies," Enncyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict 2:719-733.