NOTE: This resource guide to the main approaches within ecological anthropology was compiled several years ago, but remains useful as a foundation for individuals to build on in pursuing their interest in particular topics.
ECOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY RESOURCE GUIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Ecological approaches in historical perspective
2. Primate ecology
Case Study: Coconut Picking Monkeys in Southern Thailand: Habitat Destruction and Niche Evolution
3. Cultural ecology
Case Study: Curripaco Adaptations to Rivers of Hunger in the Northwest Amazon of Venezuela
4. Spiritual ecology
Case Study: What's in a Tree? The Spiritual Ecology of Sacred Trees in Thailand
5. Political ecology
Case Study: Yanomami, Goldmining, and Mercury Pollution in the Amazon
6. Historical ecology
Case Study: The Ecological Transition in Thailand from Prehistory to the Present
Appendix
1. Cultural materialism
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1. ECOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN ANTHROPOLOGY
IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
VIDEOS
Anthropology on Trial (Margaret Mead) 893
Bronislaw Malinowski: Off the Veranda 4402
Franz Boas: Shackles of Tradition 7101
Firth on Firth 10323
Ishi, the Last Yahi (Alfred Kroeber) 9383
The Last Tasmanians: Extinction 425
Man Called Bee (Napoleon Chagnon) 5836
Margaret Mead, American Anthropologist 1681
Margaret Mead, An Observer Observred 13470
Margaret Mead: Coming of Age 4158
Margaret Mead: Taking Note 87
Margaret Mead's New Guinea Journal 4961
The Rise of Anthropological Theory: Haddon and Rivers 18838
To Find the Baruya Story (Maurice Godelier) 1677
Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard: Strange Beliefs 4372
Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer: Fieldwork 4371
William Rivers: Everything is Relative 4373
Yanomama: A Multidisciplinary Study (Napoleon Chagnon) 4553
WEBSITES
American Anthropological Association
http://www.aaanet.org
Anthropological Theories: A Guide Prepared by Students for Students
http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/anthros.htm
Anthropology in the News
http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html
Cultural Ecology by Catherine Marquette
http://www.indiana.edu/~wanthro/eco.htm
T. Robert Malthus' Home Page
http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/~felwell/Theorists/Malthus/Index.htm
JOURNALS
Abstracts in Anthropology GN1 .A37
Annual Review of Anthropology GN1 .A623
American Ethnologist GN1 .A53
Anthropological Literature Z5112 .A57
Anthropological Quarterly GN1 .P7
Anthropology Today GN1 .R69
Anthropos GN1 .A7
Critique of Anthropology GN1 .C73
Cultural Anthropology GN301 .C85
Current Anthropology GN1 .C8
Current Contents: Social and Behavioral Sciences Z7163. C77
Dialectical Anthropology HX550 .A56 D53
Ethnology GN1 .E88
Great Ideas Today AY59 .G7
History of Anthropology Newsletter GN1 .N52
International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology Ref Z7161 .I593 & .I594
Journal of Anthropological Research GN1 .S6
Journal of the History of Biology QH305 .J64
Journal of the History of Ideas B1 .J826
Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers GN2 .K76
Man GN1 .M25
Philosophy of the Social Sciences H1 .P56
Research Journal of Philosophy and Social Sciences B1 .R335
Reviews in Anthropology GN1 .R4
Science and Society H1 .S25
BOOKS
Adams, William Y., 1998, The Philosophical Roots of Anthropology, Stanford, CA: Leland Stanford Junior University Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Appelbaum, Herbert, ed., 1987, Perspectives in Cultural Anthropology, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Barnard, Alan, 2000, History and Theory in Anthropology, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Bennett, John W., 1976, The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human Adaptation, New York, NY: Pergamon.
Bohannan, Paul, and Mark Glazer, eds., 1988, High Points in Anthropology, New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
Bowler, Peter J., 1992, The Norton History of the Environmental Sciences, New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Bresler, Jack B., ed., 1968, Human Ecology: Collected Readings, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Chisholm, Anne, 1972, Philosophers of the Earth: Conversations with Ecologists, New York, NY: E.P. Dutton & CO., Inc.
Clemmer, Richard O., L. Daniel Myers, and Mary Elizabeth Rudden, 1999, Julian Steward and the Great Basin: The Making of an Anthropologist, Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.
Coates, Peter, 1998, Nature: Western Attitudes Since Ancient Times, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Crumley, Carole, ed., 2001. New Directions in Anthropology and Environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Altamira Press.
Dubos, Rene, 1980, Man Adapting, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ellen, Roy F., 1982, Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of Small-Scale Social Formations, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Forde, C. Daryll, 1934, Habitat, Economy and Society, New York, NY: Dutton.
Glacken, Clarence J., 1967, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought From Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hardesty, Donald L., 1977, Ecological Anthropology, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Harris, Marvin, 1968, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture, New York, NY: Crowell.
_____, 1999, Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Koromondy, Edward J., ed., 1965, Readings in Ecology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kroeber, Alfred L., 1939, Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America, Berkeley, CA: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology V. 38.
Kuznar, Lawrence A., 1997, Reclaiming Scientific Anthropology, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Layton, Robert, 1997, An Introduction to Theory in Anthropology, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Lett, James, 1987, The Human Enterprise: A Critical Introduction to Anthropological Theory, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
_____, 1997, Science, Reason, and Anthropology: The Principles of Rational Inquiry, New York, NY: Rowan, Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Manners, Robert A., ed., 1964, Process and Patern in Culture: Essays in Honor of Julian Steward, Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co.
Mayr, Ernst, 1982, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance, Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press.
McGee, R. Jon, and Richard L. Warms, eds., 1996, Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.
Messer, Ellen, and Michael Lambek, eds., 2001, Ecology and the Sacred: Engaging the Anthropology of Roy A. Rappaport, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Montagu, Ashley, ed., 1968, Culture: Man's Adaptive Dimension, New York, NY: Ofcord University Press.
Moore, Jerry D., 1997, Visions of Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Moran, Emilio F., 1979/2000, Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Murphy, Martin F., and Maxine L. Margolis, eds, 1995, Science, Materialism, and the Study of Culture, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
Sahlins, Marshall, 2001, "Two or Three Things That I Know About Culture," Man 5(3):399-421.
Semple, Ellen C., 1911, Influences of Geographic Environment, New York, NY: Holt.
Sperber, Dan, 1996, Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Speth, William W., 1999, How It Came to Be: Carol O. Sauer, Franz Boas, and the Meaning of Anthropogeography, Ellensburg, WA: Ephemera Press.
Steward, Jane C., and Robert F. Murphy, eds., 1977, Evolution and Ecology: Essays on Social Transformation, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Steward, Julian H., 1938, Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 120.
_____, 1955, Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
____, and Louis C. Faron, 1959, Native Peoples of South America, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Thomas, Franklin, 1925, The Environmental Basis of Society: A Study in the History of Sociological Theory, New York, NY: Century Co.
Townsend, Patricia K., 2000, Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Vayda, Andrew P., ed., 1969, Environment and Cultural Behavior, Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.
Wissler, Clark, 1926, The Relation of Nature to Man in Aboriginal America, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Wittfogel, Karl A., 1957, Oriental Despotism, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Worster, Donald, 1979, Nature's Economy: The Roots of Ecology, Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubelday.
Young, Gerald L., ed., 1983, The Origins of Human Ecology, Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co.
ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Abbott, Joan M.W., 1970, "Cultural Anthropology and the Man-Environment Relationship: An Historical Discussion," Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 43:10-31.
Anderson, James N., 1973. "Ecological Anthropology and Anthropological Ecology," Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology, John J. Honigmann, ed., Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, pp. 179-239.
Balee, William, 1996. "Anthropology," Greening the College Curriculum: A Guide to Environmental Teaching in the Liberal Arts, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 24-49.
Balee, William, and J. Christopher Brown, 1996. "Ethnobotany," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co. 2:399-404.
Bates, Marston, 1953. "Human Ecology," Anthropology Today, Alfred L. Kroeber, ed., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 700-713.
Bennett, John W., 1944, "The Interaction of Culture and Enfironment in the Smaller Societies," American Anthropologist 46:461-478.
_____, 1946, "An Interpretation of the Scope and Implications of Social Scientific Research in Human Subsistence," American Anthropologist 48:553-573.
_____, 1976. "The Ecological Transition: From Equilibrium to Disequilibrium," in his The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human Adaptation, New York, NY: Pergamon Press, pp. 123-155.
Biersak, A., 1999, "Introduction: From the New Ecology to the New Ecologies," American Anthropologist 101(1):5-18.
Bishop, Ryan, 1996. "Postmodernism," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co. 3:993-998.
Brosius, J. Peter, 1999. "Analyses and Interventions: Anthropological Engagements with Environmentalism," Current Anthropology 40(3):277-309.
Clemmer, Richard O., L. Daniel Myers, and Mary Elizabeth Rudden, eds., 1999, "Introduction," Julian Steward and the Great Basin: The Making of an Anthropologist, Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, pp. ix-xxii.
Colby, Benjamin N., 1996. "Cognitive Anthropology," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co. 1:209-215.
Cronk, L., 1991. "Human Behavioral Ecology," Annual Review of Anthropology 20:25-53.
Crumley, Carole, 1996. "Historical Ecology," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co., 2:558-560.
Despres, Leo A., 1994, "An Interview with John Bennett," Current Anthropology 35(5):653-664.
Escobar, Arturo, 1999. "After Nature: Steps to an Antiessentialist Political Ecology," Current Anthropology 40(1):1-30.
Fowler, Catherine S., 1977. "Ethnoecology," Ecological Anthropology, Donald Hardesty, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 215-243.
Frake, Charles O., 1962, "Cultural Ecology and Ethnography," American Anthropologist 64(1):53-59.
Friedman, Jonathan, 1974, "Marxism, Structuralism, and Vulgar Materialism," Man 9:44-69.
Grove, Richard H., 1992, "Origins of Western Environmentalism," Scientific American 267(1):42-47.
Hanc, Joseph Robert, 1981, "The Uses of Ecology: Historical and Scientific Arguments in the Work of Julian H. Steward," Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society 13(1):59-75.
Harris, Marvin, 1976. "History and Significance of the Emic/Etic Distinction," Annual Review of Anthropology 5:329-350.
Harris, Marvin, 1987. "Cultural Materialism: Alarms and Excursions," Waymarks, Kenneth Moore, ed., Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 107-126.
Harris, Marvin, 1994. "Cultural Materialism Is Alive and Well and Won't Go Away Until Something Better Comes Along," Assessing Cultural Anthropology, Robert Borofsky, ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, pp. 62-76.
Harris, Marvin, 1996, "Cultural Materialism," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co. 1:277-281.
Hatch, Elvin, 1973, "The Growth of Economic, Subsistence, and Ecological Studies in American Anthropology," Journal of Anthropological Research 29:221-243.
Headland, Thomas N., 1997. "Revisionism in Ecological Anthropology," Current Anthropology 38(4):605-630.
Helm, June, 1961. "The Ecological Approach in Anthropology," American Journal of Sociology 67:630-639.
Holling, C.S., et al., 1995, "Biodiversity in the Functioning of Ecosystems: An Ecological Synthesis," Biodiversity Loss: Economic and Ecological Issues, Charles Perring, et al., eds., pp. 44-83.
Hunn, Eugene, 1996. "Ethnozoology," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co. 2:451-456.
Ingold, Tim, 1990, "An Anthropologist Looks at Biology," Man 25(2):208-229.
Keesing, Roger M., 1974, "Theories of Culture," Annual Review of Anthropology 3:73-97.
Kottak, Conrad, 1999. "The New Ecological Anthropology," American Anthropologist 101(1):23-35.
Kroeber, Alfred L., 1917, "The Superorganic," American Anthropologist 19:163-213.
Lasker, Gabriel, 1969, "Human Biological Adaptability," Science 166:1480-1486.
Lett, James, 1996. "Emic/Etic Distinctions," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co. 2:382-383.
Little, Michael A., 1982, "The Development of Ideas on Human Ecology and Adaptation," A History of American Physical Anthropology 1930-1980, Frank Spencer, ed., New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 405-433.
Little, Paul E., 1999, "Environmentalists and Environmentalisms in Anthropological Research: Facing a New Millennium," Annual Review of Anthropology 28:253-284.
Lowie, Robert H., 1917. "Culture and Environment," in his Culture and Ethnology, New York, NY: McMurtrie, pp. 47-65.
May, R.M., and J. Seger, 1986, "Ideas in Ecology," American Scientist 74:256-267.
Messer, Ellen, 2001, "Thinking and Engaging the Whole: The Anthropology of Roy A. Rappaport," Ecology and the Sacred: Engaging the Anthropology of Roy A. Rappaport, Ellen Messer and Michael Lambek, eds., Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, pp. 1-45.
Moran, Emilio F., 1984, "Limitations and Advances in Ecosystem Research," in The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology, E.F. Moran, ed., Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, pp. 3-32.
_____, 1992. "Minimum Data for Comparative Human Ecological Studies: Examples from Studies in the Amazon," Advances in Human Ecology 2:191-213.
_____, 1996. "Environmental Anthropology," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., Henry Holt & CO. 2:383-389.
_____, 2000, "Preface to Second Edition," Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. xv-xxiv.
Murphy, Robert F., 1981. "Julian Steward," Totems and Teachers: Perspectives on the History of Anthropology, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 171-206.
_____, 1991, "Anthropology at Columbia: A Reminiscence," Dialectical Anthropology 16:65-81.
Odum, Eugene P., 1971. "The Emergence of Ecology as a New Integrative Discipline," Science 195:1289-1293.
_____, 1992, "Great Ideas in Ecology in the 1990s," BioScience 42(7):542-545.
Orlove, Benjamin, 1980, "Ecological Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 9:235-273.
_____, and Stephen B. Brush, 1996, "Anthropology and the Conservation of Biodiversity," Annual Review of Anthropology 25:329-352.
Ortner, Sherry B., 1984, "Theory in Anthropology Since the Sixties," Comparative Studies in Society and History 26(1):126-166.
Rappaport, Roy A., 1971. "Nature, Culture, and Ecological Anthropology," Man, Culture and Society, Harry L. Shapiro, ed., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 237-267.
_____, 1984, "Epilogue," in his Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 299-479.
Sahlins, Marshall, 1964. "Culture and Environment: The Study of Cultural Ecology," Horizons of Anthropology, Sol Tax, ed. Chicago, IL: Aldine, pp. 215-231.
Shimkin, Denetri B., 1964, "Julian H. Steward: A Contributor to Fact and Theory in Cultural Anthropology," Process and Pattern in Culture: Essays in Honor of Julian H. Steward, Robert A. Manners, ed., Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co., pp. 1-17.
Smith, Sheldon, and Ed Reeves, 1989, "Introduction," in Human Systems Ecology: Studies in the Integration of Political Conomy, Adaptation, and Socionatural Regions, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 1-18.
Soones, I., 1999, "New Ecology and the Social Sciences: What Prospects for a Fruitful Engagement?," Annual Review of Anthropology 28:479-507.
Speth, William W., 1978, "The Anthropogeographic Theory of Franz Boas," Anthropos 73(1/2):1-31.
Sponsel, L.E., 1987, "Cultural Ecology and Environmental Education," Journal of Environmental Education 19(1):31-42.
______, 1997 "Ecological Anthropology," in Dictionary of Anthropology, Thomas Barfield, ed., Oxford, UK: Blakcwell Publishers, pp. 137-140.
______, 1997. "Julian Steward (1902-1972)," Dictionary of Anthropology, Thomas Barfield, ed., London, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 448-450.
Steward, Julian H., 1937, "Ecological Aspects of Southwestern Society," Anthropos 32(1):87-104.
_____, 1955. "The Concept and Method of Cultural Ecology," in his Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, pp. 30-42
_____, 1968. "Cultural Ecology," International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, David Sills, ed., New York, NY: Macmillan 4:337-344.
Vayda, Andrew P., 1988. "Actions and Consequences as Objects of Explanation in Human Ecology," Environment, Technology and Society 51:2-7.
_____, 1996, "Methods and Explanation in the Study of Human Actions and their Environmental Effects," Jakarta, Indonesia: CIFOR/WWF Special Publication, pp. 1-44.
_____, and Bonnie J. McCay, 1975, "New Directions in Ecology and Ecological Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 4:4:293-406.
_____, Bonnie J. McCay, and Christina Eghenter, 1991, "Concepts of Process in Social Science Explanations," Philosophy of the Social Sciences 21(3):318-331.
_____, and Roy A. Rappaport, 1976, "Ecology: Cultural and Non-cultural," Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, James A. Clifton, ed., Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., pp. 476-497.
Wilcox, Bruce A., and K.N. Duin, 1995, "Indigenous Cultural and Biological Diversity: Overlapping Values of Latin American Ecoregions," Cultural Survival Quarterly 18(4):49-53.
Wilson, D.S., 1997, "Human Groups as Units of Selection," Science 276:1816-1817.
Wilson, D.S., and E. Sober, 1994, "Reintroducing Group Selection to the Human Behavioral Sciences," Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:585-654.
Wilson, Edward O., 1989, "Threats to Biodiversity," Scientific American 261(3):108-117.
Young, G.L., 1974. "Human Ecology as an Interdisciplinary Concept: A Critical Inquiry," Advances in Ecological Research 8:1-105.
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2. PRIMATE ECOLOGY
Primate ecology focuses on naturalistic field research on the undisturbed ecological and social interactions of free-ranging primate populations in their natural habitats including prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans (ethnoprimatology).
Another approach to ecology within physical or biological anthropology is physiological ecology studies how the human organism individually and at the population level responds physiologically to environmental stresses such as extremes of heat, cold, altitude, and crowding as well as malnutrition and disease.
VIDEOS
Jane Goodall: My Life with Chimpanzees 12939
Gorilla 1380
Gorillas in the Mist 3257
Monkey in the Mirror 17881
Search for the Great Apes 2785
What do Primatologists do?
Woman in the Midst
WEBSITES
African Primates at Home
http://www.indiana.edu/~primate/primates.html
Gorilla Home Page
http://www.cs.ukc.ac.uk/people/staff/ms3/gorillas
LaSuerte and Ometepe Biological Field Stations (field courses in tropical forest and primate ecology)
http://www.studyabroad.com/lasuerte
Primate Info Net (PIN)
http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin
JOURNALS
American Journal of Physical Anthropology GN1 .A55ns
American Journal of Primatology QL737 .P9 A566
American Zoologist S030 .A65
Animal Behaviour QL750 .B7
Animal Rights News QP251 .A675
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology QL750 .B533
Behaviour QL750 .B39
BioScience QH301 .B57
Current Contents: Life Sciences QH1 .C77
Ecology QH540 .E3
Ethology BF1 .Z4
Ethology and Sociobiology BF1 .E73
Evolutionary Anthropology
Evolutionary Ecology QK1 .E93
Folia Primatologica QL737 .P9 F6
Human Nature
International Journal of Primatology QL737 .P9 I517
International Zoo Yearbook QL76 .I55
Journal of African Zoology QH194 .R48
Journal of Animal Ecology QL750 .J65
Journal of Biosocial Science QP1 .J678
Journal of Human Evolution GN281 .J63
Journal of Mammalogy TA190 .J6
Journal of Zoology QL1 .Z564
Natural History QH1 N.219
Oecologia QH540 .O46
Primates QL700 .P722
Quarterly Review of Biology QH301 .Q3
Social Biology HQ750 .A1 E84
Sociobiology QH301 .S762
Trends in Ecology and Evolution QH540 .T74
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology GN60 .Y4
BOOKS
Adler, Mortimer J., 1967, The Difference of Man and the Difference it Makes, ?????
Bernstein, Iwrin S., and Euclid O. Smith, eds., 1979, Primate Ecology and Human Origins: Ecological Influences on Social Organization, New York, NY: Garland STPM Press.
Bramblett, Claude A., 1994. Patterns of Primate Behavior. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Brueller, Jean (Vercors), 1953, That You Shall Know Them, or The Murder of the Missing Link, New York, NY: Little and Brown, Co.
Burton, Frances, 1995, The Multimedia Guide to the Primates (Printed Version), Scarborough, Ontario, Canada: Prentice Hall Canada, Inc.
Cartmill, Mat, 1994, A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and Nature Through History, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cavalieri, Paola, and Peter Singer, 1993, The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
Deshmukh, Ian, 1986, Ecology and Tropical Biology, Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Dolhinow, Phyllis, and Agustin Fuentes, eds., 1999, The Nonhuman Primates, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.
Else, J.G., and P.C. Lee, eds., 1986, Primate Ecology and Conservation, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Falk, Dean, 2000, Primare Diversity, New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Fossey, Dian, 1983, Gorillas in the Mist, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Galdikas, Birute M.F., 1995, Reflections of Eden: My Years with the Orang Utans of Borneo, Boston, MA: Little and Brown.
Gentry, Alwyn H., ed., 1990, Four Neotropical Rainforests, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Golley, Frank B., ed., 1983, Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems: Structure and Function, New York, NY: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.
Goodall, Jane, 1986, The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior, Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press.
Haraway, Donna J., 1989, Primate Visions: GEnder, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, New York, NY: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc.
Harding, Robert S.O., and Geza Teleki, eds., 1981, Omnivorous Primates: Gathering and Hunting in Human Evolution, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Kormondy, E.J., and D.E. Brown, 1998, Fundamentals of Human Ecology Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
McGrew, W.C., Linda F. Merchant, and Toshisada Nishida, eds., 1996, Great Ape Societies, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
McGrew, W.C., 1992, Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Morris, Ramona, and Desmond Morris, 1968, Men and Apes, London, UK: Hutchinson.
Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko, 1987, The Monkey as Mirror: Symbolic Transformations in Japanese History and Culture, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Reynolds, Peter C., 1981, On the Evolution of Human Behavior: The Argument from Animals to Man, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Richard, Alison, 1985. Primates in Nature. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.
Rodman, Peter S., and John G.H. Cant, eds., 1984, Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates: Contributions to an Organismal Biology of Prosimians, Monkeys, and Apes, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Rowe, Noel, 1996, The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates, London, UK: Weiden Feld and Nicolson.
Strier, Karen B., 2000, Primate Behavioral Ecology, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Sussman, Robert W., ed., 1979, Primate Ecology: Problem-Oriented Field Studies, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
_____, 1999, The Biological Basis of Human Behavior, SaddleRiver, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Terborgh, John, 1983, Five New World Primates, Princeton, NY: Princeton University Press.
U.S. National Research Council, 1981, Techniques for the Study of Primate Population Ecology, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Waal, Frans de, 1996, Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
_____, 1997, Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Wheatley, Bruce P., 1999, The Sacred Monkeys of Bali, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Wrangham, Richard, and Dale Peterson, 1996, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Boesch, Christophe, 1990, "First Hunters of the Forest," New Scientist 126(1717):38-41.
_____, 1991, "The Effects of Leopard Predation on Grouping Patterns in Forest Chimpanzees," Behaviour 117:220-242.
_____, 1994, "Cooperative Hunting in Wild Chimpanzees," Animal Behaviour 48(3):653-667.
_____, 1996, "Rain Forest Chimpanzees: The Human Connection," Nature and Resources 32(1):26-32.
Boesch, Christophe, and Hedwige Boesch, 1989, "Hunting Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees in the Tai National Park," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:547-573.
_____, 1990, "Tool Use and Tool Making in Wild Chimpanzees," Folia Primatologica 54:86-99.
Boesch, Christophe, and M. Tomasello, 1998, "Chimpanzees and Human Cultures," Current Anthropology 5:591-604.
Boesch-Acherman, H., and Christophe Boesh, 1994, "Hominzation in the Rain Forest: The Chimpanzees's Piece of the Puzzle," Evolutionary Anthropology 3(1):9-16.
Bourliere, Francois, 1985, "Primate Communities: Their Structure and Role in Tropical Forest Ecosystems," International journal of Primatology 6(1):1-26.
Busse, C.D., 1978, "Do Chimpanzees Hunt Cooperatively," American Naturalist 112:767-770.
Byrne, R.W., A. Whiten, S.P. Hezi, and F.M. McCulloch, 1993, "Nutritional Constraints on Mountain Baboons (Papio ursinus): Implications for Baboon Socio-ecology," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33:233-246.
Cant, J.C.H., 1980, "What Limits Primates?," Primates 21(4):538-544.
Cartmill, M., 1974, "Rethinking Primate Origins," Science 184:436-443.
_____, 1990, "Human Uniqueness and Theoretical Content in Paleoanthropology," International Journal of Primatology 11:173-192.
Chapman, C.A., and D.A. Onderdonk, 1998, "Forests Without Primates: Primate/Plant Codependency," American Journal of Primatology 45:127-141.
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Eisenberg, J.F., N.A. Muckenhirn, and R. Rudran, 1972, "The Relation between Ecology and Social Structure in Primates," Science 176(4037):1-12.
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Freeland, W.J., 1976, "Pathogens and the Evolution of Primate Sociality," Biotropica 8:12-24.
Gaulin, S.J.C., 1979, "A Jarman/Bell Model of Primate Feeding Niches," Human Ecology 7:1-19.
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Janson, C.H., and M.L. Goldsmith, 1995, "Predicting Group Size in Primates: Foraging Costs and Predation Risks," Behavioral Ecology 6:326-336.
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Malenky, Richard K., and Edmund W. Stiles, 1991, "Distribution of Terrestrial Herbaceous Vegetation and Its Consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest," American Journal of Primatology 23:151-169.
Malenky, Richard K., and Richard W. Wrangham, 1994, "A Quantitative Comparison of Terrestrial Herbaceous Food Consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest. Zaire, and Pan troglodytes in the Kibale Forest, Uganda," American Journal of Primatology 32(1):1-12.
McGrew, W.C., 1993, "The Intelligent Use of Tools: Twenty Propositions," Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution, K.R. Gibson and T. Ingold, eds., Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press, pp. 151-170.
_____, 1998, "Culture in Nonhuman Primates?," Annual Review of Anthropology 27:301-328.
McGrew, W.C., et al., 1982, "On Early Hominid Plant Food Niches," Current Anthropology 23:213-214.
McGrew, W.C., P.J. Baldwin, and C.E.G. Tutin, 1981, "Chimpanzees in a Hot, Dry, and Open Habitat: Mt. Assirik, Senegal," Journal of Human Evolution 10(3):227-244.
Merewood, Anne, 1991, "Plants of the Apes," Wildlife Conservation 94(2):54-59.
Milton, Katharine, 1981, "Distribution Patterns of Tropical Food Plants as a Stimulus to Primate Mental Development," American Anthropologist 83:534-548.
_____, 1993, "Diet and Primate Evolution," Scientific American 269(2):86-93.
Mitani, J., T. Hasegawa, J. Gros-Louis, P. Marler, and R. Byrne, 1992, "Dialects in Wild Chimpanzees?," American Journal of Primatology 27:233-243.
Moore, Jim, 1992, "`Savanna' Chimpanzees," Topics in Primatology, Toshisada Nishida, et al., eds., Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 99-118.
Reed, K.E., and J.G. Fleagle, 1995, "Geographic and Climate Control of Primate Diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92:7874-7876.
Richard, Alison, 1981, "Changing Assumptions in Primate Ecology," American Anthropologist 83(3):517-533.
Richards, Paul W., 1973, "The Tropical Rain Forest," Scientific American 229(6):58-67.
Rodman, P.S., 1999, "Whither Primatology? The Place of Primates in Contemporary Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 28:311-339.
Rodseth, Lars, et al., 1991, "The Human Community as a Primate Society," Current Anthropology 32(3):221-254.
Rose, K.D., 1995, "The Earliest Primates," Evolutionary Anthropology 3:159-173.
Rose, L.M., 1997, "Vertebrate Predation and Food-Sharing in Cebus and Pan," International Journal of Primatology 18:727-765.
Schaik, C.P. van, 1983, "Why Are Diurnal Primates Living in Groups?," Behaviour 87:120-144.
Small, M.F., 1993, "New Discoveries From Chimpanzee Populations Spread Across Africa Reveal That The Roots Of Human Culture Are Deeper Than We Thought," Wildlife Conservation 96(4):16-23.
Smith, R.J., and W.L. Jungers, 1997, "Body Mass in Comparative Primatology," Journal of Human Evolution 32:523-559.
Snowdon, C.T., 1990, "Language Capacities of Non-Human Animals," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 33:215-243.
Sponsel, Leslie E., 1997, "The Human Niche in Amazonia: Explorations in Ethnoprimatology," in New World Primates: Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Warren Kinzey, ed., Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 143-165.
Stammbach, E., 1987, "Desert, Forest and Montane Baboons: Multi-Level Societies," Primate Societies, B.B. Smuts, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 112-120.
Stanford, C.B., 1995, "Chimpanzee Hunting Behavior and Human Evolution," American Scientist 83(3):255-261.
_____, 1996, "The Hunting Ecology of Wild Chimpanzees: Implications for the Evolutionary Ecology of Pliocene Hominids," American Anthropologist 98(1):96-113.
_____, 1998, "The Social Behavior of Chimpanzees and Bonobos," Current Anthropology 39:339-407.
Stanford, C.B., J. Wallis, H. Matama, and J. Goodall, 1994, "Hunting Decisions in Wild Chimpanzees," Behaviour 131(1-2):1-18.
Stelzner, J., and K. Strier, 1981, "Hyena Predation on an Adult Male Baboon," Mammalia 45:106-107.
Strier, Karen B., 1993, "The Animal Boundaries of Anthropology, or Why Don't All Anthropologists Consider Themselves Primatologists?," Reviews in Anthropology 22:165-174.
_____, 2000, "Community Ecology," in her Primate Behavioral Ecology, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, pp. 302-320.
Struhsaker, T.T., 1969, "Correlates of Ecology and Social Organization Among African Cercopithecines," Folia Primatologica 11:80-118.
Sugiyama, Y., 1997, "Social Tradition and the Use of Tool-Composites by Wild Chimpanzees," Evolutionary Anthropology 6:23-27.
Sussman, Randall, 1987, "Pygmy Chimnpanzees and Comon Chimpanzees: Mdels for Behavior Ecology of the Earlier Hominids," The Evolution of Human Behavior, Warren G. Kinzey, ed., Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 72-86.
_____, 1991, "Primate Origins and the Evolution of Angiosperms," American Journal of Primatology 23:209-223.
Suzuki, A., 1969, "An Ecological Study of Chimpanzees in Savanna Woodland," Primates 10(2):103-148.
Symington, M.M., 1990, "Fission-Fusion Social Organization in Ateles and Pan," International Journal of Primatology 11:47-61.
Tanner, Nancy M., 1987, "Gathering by Females: The CHimpanzee Model Revisited and the Gathering Hypothesis," The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Model, Warren G. Kinzey, ed., Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 3-27.
Teleki, Geza, 1983, "The Omnivorous Chimpanzee," Scientific American 228(1):33-42.
Terborgh, John, and C. H. Janson, 1986, "The Socioecology of Primate Groups," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17:111-135.
Treves, A., 1999, "Has Predation Shaped the Social Systems of Arboreal Primates?," Internaitonal Journal of Primatology 20:35-67.
Tutin, Caroline E.G., 1983, "Social Organization of Savanna-dwelling Chimpanzees at Mt. Assirik," Primates 24(2):154-173.
Tutin, Caroline E.G., and Michael Fernandez, 1993, "Composition of the Diet of Chimpanzees and Comparisons with that of Sympatric Lowland Gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon," American Journal of Primatology 30(3):195-211.
Tutin, Carline E.G., W.C. McGrew, and P.J. Baldwin, 1983, "Social Organization of Savanna-Dwelling Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, at Mt. Assirik, Senegal," Primates 24:154-173.
Tuttle, Russell H., 1986, "Feeding Behavior," in his Apes of the World, Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, pp. 55-125.
_____, 1990, "Apes of the World," American Scientist 78(2):115-125.
Uehara, Shigeo, 1990, "Utilization Patterns of a Marsh Grassland Within the Tropical Rain Forest by the Bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Yalosidi, Republic of Zaire," Primates 31(3):311-322.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1989, "Food Sharing and Reciprocal Obligations among Chimpanzees," Journal of Human Evolution 18(5):433-459.
_____, 1989, "Behavioral Contrasts Between Bonobo and Chimpanzee," in Understanding Chimpanzees, P.G. Heltne and L.A. Marquardt, eds., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 154-175.
Washburn, Sherwood L., and Irven DeVore, 1961, "The Social Life of Baboons," Scientific American 204:62-71.
White, Francis J., 1992, "Activity Budgets, Feeding Behavior, and Habitat of Pygmy Chimpanzees at Lomako, Zaire," American Journal of Primatology 26:215-223.
_____, 1994, "Food Sharing in Wild Pygmy Chimpanzees," Current Primatology volume II, J.J. Roeder, B. Thierry, J.R. Anderson, and N. Herrenschmidt, eds., Strasburg, France: University Louis Pasteur, pp. 1-10.
_____, 1996, "Pan paniscus 1973-1996: Twenty-three years of Field Research," Evolutionary Anthropology 5(1):11-17.
_____, 1996, "Comparative Socio-Ecology of Pan paniscus," Great Ape Societies, W.C. McGrew, et al., eds., New York, HY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29-41.
White, Francis J., and Richard W. Wrangham, 1988, "Feeding Competition and Patch Size in Chimpanzee Species Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes," Behaviour 105(1-2):148-164.
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Wood, B., and M. Collard, 1999, "The Human Genus," Science 284:65-71.
Wrangham, Richard W., 1979, "On the Evolution of Ape Social Systems," Social Science Informatiion 18:335-368.
_____, 1987, "Evolution of Social Structure," Primate Societies, B.B. Smuts, et al., eds., Chicago, IL: University of CHicago Press, pp. 282-296.
_____, 1987, "African Apes: The Significance of African Apes for Reconstructing Human Social Evolution," The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models, Warren G. Kinzey, ed., Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 51-71.
Wrangham, Richard W., and E. Bergmann-Riss, 1990, "Rates of Predation on Mammals by Gombe Chimpanzees, 1972-1975," Primates 31:157-170.
Wynn, T., and W.C. McGrew, 1989, "An Ape's View of Oldowan," Man 24(3):383-398.
Yamagiwa, J., 1999, "Socioecological Factors Influencing Population Structure of Gorillas and Chimpanzees," Primates 40:87-104.
Yamagiwa, J., T. Maruhashi, T. Yumoto, N. Mwanza, 1996, "Dietary and Ranging Overlap in Sympatric Gorillas and Chimpanzeesin Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire," Great Ape Societies, W.C. McGrew, et al., eds., Cambridge, UK" Cambridge University Press, pp. 82-98.
Yamakoshi, G., 1998, "Dietary Responses to Fruit Scarcity of Wild Chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: Possible Implications ofr Ecological Importance of Tool Use," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106:283-295.
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CASE STUDY
COCONUT PICKING MONKEYS IN SOUTHERN THAILAND:
HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND NICHE EVOLUTION
BOOKS
Chapple, Christopher Key, 1996, Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Graham, Mark, and Philip Round, 1994, Thailand's Vanishing Flora and Fauna, Bangkok, Thailand: Finance One Public.
ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Aggimarangee, Nantiya, 1992, "Survey of Semi-Tame Colonies of Macaques in Thailand," Natural History Bulletin of the Siam ociety 40:103-166.
Bishop, Naomi, Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Jane Tess, and James Moore, 1981, "Measures of Human Influence in Habitats of South Asian Monkeys," International Journal of Primatology 2(2):153-167.
Boinski, S., and C.A. Chapman, 1995, "Predation on Primates: Where are we and what's next?," Evolutionary Anthropology 4:1-3.
Buri, Rachit, 1989, "Wildlife in Thai Culture," in Culture and Environment in Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand: Siam Society, pp. 51-59.
Carter, Allisa, and Chris Carter, 1999, "Cultural Representations of Nonhuman Primates," in The Nonhuman Primates, Phyllis Dolhinow and Agustin Fuentes, eds., Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co., pp. 270-276.
Cheney, D.L., and R.W. Wrangham, 1987, "Predation," Primate Societies, B.B. Smuts, et al., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 227-239.
Else, J.G., 1991, "Nonhuman Primates as Pests," in Primate Responses to Environmental Change, H.O. Box, ed., New York, NY: Chapman and Hall, pp. 155-155.
Estrada, Alejandro, and Rosamond Coates-Estrada, 1996, "Tropical Rain Forest Fragmentation and Wild Populations of Primates at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico," International Journal of Primatology 17(5):759-783.
Eudey, Ardith A., 1986, "Hill Tribes Peoples and Primate Conservation in Thailand: A Preliminary Assessment of the Problem of Reconciling Shifting Cultivation with COnservation Objectives," in Primate Ecology and COnservation, J.G. Else and P.C. Lee, eds., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 237-248.
Eudey, Ardith, 1994, "Temple and Pet Primates in Thailand," Revue D'Ecologie 49(3):273-280.
Ganzhorn, Jorg U., 1987, "A Possible Role of Plantations for Primate Conservation in Madagascar," American Journal of Primatology 12:205-215.
_____, 1995, "Low-level Forest Disturbance Effects on Primary Productivity, Lead CHemistry, and Lemur Populatins," Ecology 76:2084-2096.
Johns, Andrew D., and Joseph P. Skorupa, 1987, "Responses of Rain Forest Primates to Habitat Disturbance: A Review," International Journal of Primatology 8(2):157-191.
Marsch, C.W., A.D. Johns, and J.M. Ayres, 1987, "Effects of Habitat Disturbance on Rain Forest Primates," Primate Conservation in the Tropical Rain Forest, Clive W. Marsh and Russell A. Mittermeier, eds., New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 83-107.
Mittermeier, Russell A., 1987, "The Effects of Hunting on Rain Forest Primates," Primate Conservation in Tropical Rain Forest,
C.W. Marsh and R.A. Mittermeier, eds., New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, pp. 109-146.
Moore, J., 1996, "Savanna Chimpanzees: Referential Models and the Last Common Ancestor," Great Ape Societies, W.C. McGrew, et al., eds., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 275-292.
Mullin, Molly H., 1999, "Mirrors and Windows: Sociocultural Studies of Human-Animal Relationships," Annual Review of Anthropology 28:201-224.
Nishida, T., 1987, "Local Traditions and Cultural Transmission," Primate Societies, B.B. Smuts, et al., eds., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 462-474.
Peres, C.A., 1990, "Effects of Hunting on Western Amazonian Primate Communities," Biological Conservation 54:47-59.
Pfeffer, Randall, 1989, "On Malay Peninsula Picking Coconuts is Monkey Business," Smithsonian Magazine 19(10):111-118.
Richard, A.F., S.J. Goldstein, and R.E. Dewar, 1989, "Weed Macaques: The Evolutionary Implications of Macaque Feeding Ecology," International Journal of Primatology 10(6):569-594.
Robinson, Mark F., 1994, "Observation on the Wildlife Trade at the Daily Market in CHiang Khan, Northeastern Thailand," Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 42(1):117-120.
Round, Philip D., 1990, "Bangkok Bird Club Survey of the Bird and Mammal Trade in the Bangkok Weekend Market," Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 38(1):1-43.
Shanklin, Eugenia, 1985, "Sustenance and Symbol: Anthropological Studies of Domesticated Animals," Annual Review of Anthropology 14:375-403.
Siex, Kirstin S., and Thomas T. Strusaker, 1999, "Colobus Monkeys and Coconuts: A Study of Perceived Human Wildlife Conflicts," Journal of Applied Ecology 36:1009-1020.
Skorupa, Joseph P., 1986, "Responses of Rainforest Primates to Selective Logging in Kibae Forest, Uganda: A Summary Report," Primates: The Road to Self-Sustaining Populations, Kurt Benirschke, ed., pp. 57-70.
Sponsel, Leslie E., 1997, "The Historical Ecology of Thailand: Some Explorations of Increasing Human Environmental Impact from Prehistory to the Present," Advances in Historical Ecology, William Balee, ed., New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 376-404.
Sponsel, Leslie E., Nukul Ruttanadakul, and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel, 2001, "`Monkey Business?' The Conservation Implications of Macaque Ethnoprimatology," in Human and Nonhuman Primate Interconnections and COnservation: An Anthropological Perspective, Agustin Fuentes and Linda Wlofe, eds., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. (in press).
Warren, Louis, and Rebecca Hicks, 1998, "People, Primates and the Environment: Conflicts of Interest," in Land Conflicts in Southeast Asia: Indigenous Peoples, Enviironment and International Law, Catherine J. Iorns Magallanes and Malcom Hollick, eds., Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press, pp. 151-180.
Wilkie, David S., and John T. Finn, 1990, "Slash-burn Cultivation and Mammal Abundance in the Ituri Forest, Zaire," Biotropica 22(1)::90-99.
Wilson, C.C., and W.W. Wilson, 1975, "The Influence of Selective Logging on Primates and Some Other Animals in East Kalimantan," Folia Primatologica 23:245-274.
Wilson, Wendell L., and Andrew D. Johns, 1982, "Diversity and Abundance of Selected Animal Species in Undisturbed Forest, Selectively Logged Forest and Plantations in Eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia," Biological Conservation 24:205-218.
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3. CULTURAL ECOLOGY
Cultural ecology focuses on the role of culture in mediating between a human population and the ecosystems in their habitat.
Overlapping with cultural ecology are four other approaches.
Ethnoecology examines mainly through linguistics (ethnosemantics) how different cultures conceptualize, classify, and understand their "natural" environment including traditional environmental knowledge (TEK).
Postmodern ecology focuses on deconstructing environmental texts and discourses, and in its extreme reduces human-environment interactions and even the "natural environment" to the relativity of cultural constructions and thereby denies any essentials or ultimate reality.
Environmental anthropology is more inclusive, diverse, interdisciplinary, dependent on research teams, comparative, and applied; focused on the human dimensions of practical environmental problems and issues from the local to the global levels; and thus multiscalar, multitemporal, and multinational in scope.
Behavioral ecology attempts to be more rigorous, scientific theoretical, empirical, quantitative, and predictive; drawing on evolutionary theory from biology and cost-benefit analysis from economics, it assess how individuals decide to allocate time and energy in procuring natural resources to maximize returns and minimize expenditures and risks, and ultimately to maximize reproductive fitness.
VIDEOS
Ahupua`a Fishponds and Lo`i (Hawaiians) 7194
Baka (African Pygmies) 3354
Biodiversity
Dani Sweet Potatoes (Irian Jaya) 6392
The Desert Peoples (Australian Aborigines) 7833
Earth on the Edge
An Ecology of Mind (Part 4 of Millennium series) 6355,
To Find the Baruya Story (Papua New Guinea) 1677
The Hunters (!Kung San) 1504
Ifugao (Philippines) 264
Islands on the Edge of Time (Palau) 12511
Jungle 441
Jungle Under Glass 13152
Natural Connections
The Nuer (Sudan) 7624
The Sakuddei (Indonesia) 1706
Slash and Burn (Miskito of Nicaragua) 8499
Shadows in the Forest (Efe Pygmies) 18392
The Turtle People 8508
Web of Life 12109
Yepi (Suriname)
WEBSITES
Anthropology and Environment Section of the American Anthropological Association
Cultural Ecology by Catherine Marquette
http://www.indiana.edu/~wanthro/eco.htm
Cultural Ecology Specialty Group of the Assocation of American Geographers
http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/destin/simon/cen/cesg.html
Ecological and Environmental Anthropology at the
University of Georgia
http://anthro.dac.uga.edu/
Environmental Anthropology, Conservation Biology, and Ethnobotany
University of Kent. Canterbury, England
http://www.ukc.ac.uk/anthropology
Environmental Anthropology at the University of Washington
http://www.anthro.washington.edu/Environ/eaindex.htm
Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor
http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm
Journal of Ecological Anthropology
http://www.guallart.dac.uga.edu/JEA
Journal of Human Ecology
http://maxweber.hunter.cuny.edu/anthro/ecology.html/
The Mountain Institute
http://www.mtnforum.org
National Library for the Environment
http://www.cnie.org
Peoples and Plants Online
http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/peopleplants
Program in Cognitive Studies of the Environment
at Northwestern University
http://www.psych.nwu.edy/%7Eross/
School for Field Studies
http://www.fieldstudies.org
Studies in Environmental Anthropology, Gordon and Breach Publishers
http://www.gbhap.com
Terralingua
http://www.terralingua.org
JOURNALS
Agroforestry Systems SD387 .M8 A47
Agroforestry Today S494.5 .A45 A42
Advances in Ecological Research QH540 .A23
Advances in Human Ecology
Amazoniana QH98 .A53
Annals of Tropical Research SB111 .A2 A56
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics QH540 .A53
Antropologica GN1 .B44
Atoll Research Bulletin PACC QE565 .A8
Biotropica QH84.5 .B56
Ecology of Food and Nutrition TX341 .E26
Economic Botany ??????
Georgia Journal of Ecological Anthropology
Geoforum
Geographical Journal G1 .G2915
Geographical Magazine G1 .G343
Geographical Review G1 .G2916
Geography G1 .G292
Geojournal HC79 .E5 G425
Human Ecology GF1 .H84
International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
QH540 .I6
International Journal of Environmental Studies
HC79 .E5 I55
Journal of Cultural Geography GF1 .J68
Journal of Ethnobiology GN476.7 .J68
Journal of Geography G1 .J87
Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society
Land Degradation and Rehabilitation
Latin American Research Review F1401 .L37
Maritime Anthropological Studies GN386 .M38
Mountain Research and Development GOV UNU M 86
Natural Hazard Research Working Paper GF7 .N37
Natural Hazards Observer GB5000 .N37
Natural Resources and Environment K14 .A869
Natural Resources Journal KB176 .A1 N37
Progress in Human Geography GF1 .P76
Remote Sensing of Environment T1 .R45
Research in Economic Anthropology HD9000.1 .R49
Resources HC103.7 .R47
Society and Natural Resources
Terra Nova: Nature and Culture
BOOKS
Akimichi, Tomoya, ed., 1996, Coastal Foragers in Transition, Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology Senri Ethnological Studies No. 42.
Atran, Scott, 1990. Cognitive Foundations of Natural History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bates, Daniel G., and Fred Plog, 1991. Human Adaptive Strategies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Bates, Daniel G., and Susan H. Lees, eds., 1996. Case Studies in Human Ecology. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Bateson, Gregory, 1972, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
_____, 1979, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, New York, NY Bantam Books.
Bennett, John W., 1969, Northern Plainsmen: Adaptive Strategy and Agrarian Life, Chicago, IL: Aldine.
_____, 1976. The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human Adaptation. New York, NY: Pergamon.
_____, 1996, Human Ecology as Human Behavior: Essays in Environment and Development Anthropology, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Berkes, Fikret, 1999, Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management, Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis.
Berlin, Brent, 1992. Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bettinger, Robert L., ed., 1991, Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory, New York, NY: Plenum.
Blaikie, P., and Harold Brookfield, 1987, Land Degradation and Society, London, UK: Methuen.
Boserup, Ester, 1965, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change Under Population Pressure, Chicago, IL: Aldine.
Brightman, Robert, 1993, Grtaeful Prey: Rock Cree Human-Animal Relationships, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Brown, Cecil H., 1984. Language and Living Things. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Cattle, Dorothy J., and Karl H. Schwerin, eds., 1985, Food Energy in Tropical Ecosystems, New York, NY: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
Clay, Jason W., 1988, Indigenous Peoples and Tropical Forests: Models of Land Use and Management from Latin America, Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival, Inc.
Conklin, Harold C., 1980, Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao: A STudy of Environment, Culture, and Society in Northern Luzon, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Cottrell, Leonard, 1955, Energy and Society: The Relations of Energy, Social CHange, and Economic Development, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Cox, Bruce, ed., 1973, Cultural Ecology, Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Stewart, Ltd.
Descola, Phillipe, and Gisli Palsson, eds., 1996, Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives, New York, NY: Routledge.
Douglas, Mary, and Aaron Wildavsky, 1982, Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Dyson-Hudson, Rada, and Michael A. Little, eds., 1983, Rethinking Human Adaptation: Biological and Cultural Models, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
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_____, 1973, Hunters of the Northern Forest: Designs for Survival Among Alaskan Kutchin, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
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_____, 1977/1986. Cultural Ecology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
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_____, 1972, Stone Age Economics: Production, Exchange, and Politics in Small Tribal Societies, Chicago, IL: Aldine-Atherton.
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_____, and Bruce Winterhalder, eds., 1992. Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Smith, Nigel J.H., et al., 1992, Tropical Forests and Their Crops, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
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Spencer, J.E., 1966, Shifting Cultivation in Southeast Asia, Berekely, CA: University of California Press.
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ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Alland, Alexander, 1973, "Adaptation," Annual Review of Anthropology 4:59-73.
Atran, Scott, et al., 1999, "Folk Ecology and Commons Management in the Maya Lowlands," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:7598-7603.
Barbier, E.B., 1987, "The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development," Environmental Conservation 14(2):101-110.
Barth, Fredrik, 1956, "Ecological Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North Pakistan," American Anthropologist 58:1079-1089.
Birdsell, J.B., 1953, "Some Environmental and Cultural Factors Influencing the Structure of Australian Aboriginal Populations," American Naturalist 87:171-207.
Bodley, John H., 1994, "A Culture Scale Perspective on Human Ecology and Development," Advances in Human Ecology 3:93-112.
Brush, Stephen, 1975, "The Concept of Carrying Capacity for Systems of Shifting Cultivation," American Anthropologist 77:799-811.
Burton, Michael L., et al., 1986, "Natural Resource Anthropology," Human Organization 45(3):261-269.
Carneiro, Robert L., 1960, "Slash-and-Burn Cultivation among the Kuikuru and its Implications for Cultural Development in the Amazon Basin," Antropologica Supplement No. 2, pp. 47-67.
Coe, Michael D., and Kent Flannery, 1964, "Microenvironments and Mesoamerican Prehistory," Science 143:650-654.
Cook, Sherbourne F., 1946, "Human Sacrifice and Warfare as Factors in the Demography of Pre-Colonial Mexico," Human Biology 18:81-102.
Conklin, Harold C., 1954, "An Ethnoecological Approach to Shifting Agriculture," Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 2(17):133-142.
_____, 1961, "The Study of Shifting Cultivation," Current Anthropology 2:27-61.
Cronk, L., 1991, "Human Behavioral Ecology," Annual Review of Anthropology 20:25-53.
Dirks, Robert, 1980, "Social Responses during Food Shortages and Famine," Current Anthropology 21(1):21-44.
Dovers, Stephen R., and John W. Handmer. 1993, "Contradictions in Sustainability," Environmental Conservation 20(3):217-222.
Durham, William H., 1976, "The Adaptive Significance of Cultural Behavior," Human Ecology 4:89-121.
Dyson-Hudson, Rhada, and Eric Alden Smith, 1978, "Human Territoriality: An Ecological Reassessment," American Anthropologist 80:21-41.
Foin, T., and W. Davis, 1987, "Equilibrium and Disequilibrium Models in Ecological Anthropology," American Anthropologist 89:9-31.
Gadgil, Madhav, Fikret Berkes, and Carl Folke, 1993 (May), "Indigenous Knowledge for Biodiversity Conservation," Ambio 22(2-3):151-156.
Goodman, Alan, R. Brooke Thomas, Alan Swedlund, and George Armelagos, 1988, "Biocultural Perspectives on Stress in Prehistoric, Historical, and Contemporary Population Research," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 31:169-202.
Gross, Daniel, 1975, "Protein Capture and Cultural Development in the Amazon Basin," American Anthropologist 77(3):526-549.
Grossman, Larry, 1977, "Man-Environment Relationships in Anthropology and Geography," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67(1):126-144.
Hardin, Garrett, 1968, "The Tragedy of the Commons," Science 162:1243-1248.
Harris, Marvin, 1960, "Adaptation in Biological and Cultural Sciences," Transactions of the New Yorkj Academy of Sciences Ser. II, 23(1):59-65.
_____, 1966, "The Cultural Ecology of India's Sacred Cattle," Current Anthropology 7:51-66.
Harris, Marvin, 1987, "Cultural Materialism: Alarums and Excursions," in Waymarks, Kenneth Moore, ed., Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 107-126.
Headland, Thomas N., 1987, "The Wild Yam Question: How Well Could Independent Hunter-Gatherers Live in a Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem," Human Ecology 15:463-492.
Helm, Mary W., 1969, "The Cultural Ecology of a Colonial Tribe," Ethnology 8:76-84.
Herskovits, Melville, 1926, "The Cattle Complex in East Africa," American Anthropologist 28:230-272.
Hunn, Eugene, 1989, "Ethnoecology: The Relevance of Cognitive Anthropology for Human Ecology," in The Relevance of Culture, Morris Freilich, ed., New York, NY: Bergin and Garvey, pp. 145-160.
Janzen, Daniel H., 1973, "Tropical Agroecosystems," Science 182:1212-1219.
Johnson, Allen, 1982, "Reductionism in Cultural Ecology: The Amazon Case," Current Anthropology 23(4):413-428.
Kirch, Patrick, 1980, "Polynesian Prehistory: Cultural Adaptation in Island Ecosystems," American Scientist 68:39-48.
Kuznar, Lawrence, 2001, "Ecological Mutualism in Navajo Corrals: Implications for Navajo Environmental Perceptions and Human/Plant Coevolution," Journal of Anthropological Research 57(1):17-39.
Lee, Richard B., 1968, "What Hunters Do for a Living, or How to Make Out on Scarce Resources," Man the Hunter, R.B. Lee and Irven DeVore, eds., Chicago, IL: Aldine, pp. 30-48.
_____,1972, "!Kung Spatial Organization: An Ecological and Historical Perspective," Human Ecology 1(2):125-147.
McCabe, J.T., 1990, "Turkana Pastoralism: A Case Study Against the Tragedy of the Commons," Human Ecology 18(1):81-104.
Meggers, Betty, 1954, "Environmental Limitations on the Development of Culture," American Anthropologist 56:801-824.
_____, 1975, "Application of the Biological Model of Diversification to Cultural Distributions in Tropical Lowland South America," Biotropica 7:141-161.
Meilleur, Brian A., 1994, "In Search of Keystone Societies," in Eating on the Wild Side, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 259-279.
Mitchell, Bruce, 1994, "Sustainable Development at the Village Level in Bali, Indonesia," Human Ecology 22(2):189-211.
Netting, Robert McC., 1973, "Fighting, Forest, and the Fly: Some Demographic Regulators of the Kofyar," Journal of Anthropological Research 29:164-179.
_____, 1974, "Agrarian Ecology," Annual Review of Anthropology 3:21-56.
_____, 1996. "Cultural Ecology," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co. 1:267-271.
Nietschmann, Bernard, 1972, "Hunting and Fishing Focus among the Miskito Indians, Eastern Nicaragua," Human Ecology 1(1):41-67.
Oates, J.F., 1996, "Habitat Alteration, Hunting, and the Conservation of Folivorous Primates in African Forests," Australian Journal of Ecology 21:1-9.
Odum, Eugene P., 1969, "The Strategy of Ecosystem Development," Science 164:262-270.
Oliver-Smith, Anthony, 1996, "Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters," Annual Review of Anthropology 25:303-328.
Padoch, Christine, and Andrew P. Vayda, 1984, "Patterns of Resource Use and Human Settlement in Tropical Forests," in Tropical Forest Ecosystems, Frank Golley, ed., pp. 301-313.
Pidocke, S., 1965, "The Potlatch System of the Southern Kwakiutl: A New Perspective," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 29:164-179.
Porter, P.W., 1965, "Environmental Potentials and Economic Opportunities," American Anthropologist 67:409-420.
Posey, D.A., et al., 1984, "Ethnoecology as Applied Anthropology in Amazonian Development," Human Organization 43:95-107.
Rambo, A. Terry, 1997, "The Fallacy of Global Sustainable Development," East-West Center AsiaPacific Issues No. 30.
Rappaport, Roy A., 1971, "The Flow of Energy in an Agricultural Society," Scientific American 224:116-133.
_____, 1977, "Ecology, Adaptation, and the Ills of Functionalism," Michigan Discussions in Anthropology 2:138-190.
_____, 1996, "Risk and the Human Environment," ANnals of the American Academy of Political Science 545:64-74.
Reid, Walter V.C., 1989 (May), "Sustainable Development: Lessons from Success," Environment 31(4):6-9, 29-35.
Rhoades, R., and S. Thompson, 1975, "Adaptive Strategies in Alpine Environments: Beyond Ecological Particularism," American Ethnologist 2(3):535-551.
Rodin, M., K. Michaelson, and G. Britan, 1978, "Systems Theory in Anthropology," Current Anthropology 19(4):747-762.
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Sapir, Edward, 1912, "Language and Environment," American Anthropologist 14:226-242.
Simon, D., 1989, "Sustainable Development: Theoretical Construct or Sustainable Goal," Environmental Conservation 16(1):41-48.
Smith, Erica Alden, 19983, "Anthropological Applications of Optimal Foraging Theory," Current Anthropology 24(5):625-651.
Sponsel, Leslie E., 1983, "Yanomama Warfare, Protein Capture, and Cultural Ecology," Interciencia (Caracas) 8(4):204-210.
_____, 1994, "Environmental Management at the Community and National Levels," in Asia's New Initiatives in the 1990s: The Peace Process, Economic Cooperation, Management of the Environment, pp. 234-257.
_____, 1997 "Julian Steward (1902-1972)," in Dictionary of Anthropology, Thomas Barfield, ed., pp. 448-450.
Steward, Julian H., 1937, "Ecological Aspects of Southwestern Society," Anthropos 32(1):87-104.
_____, 1955, "The Concept and Method of Cultural Ecology," in his Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, pp. 30-42.
_____, 1968, "Cultural Ecology," International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, David Sills, ed., New York, NY: Macmillan, 4:337-344.
_____, and Robert F. Murphy, 1955, "Tappers and Trappers: Parallel Processes in Acculturation," Economic Development and Culture Change 4:335-355.
Street, John. 1969, "Evaluation of the Concept of Carrying Capacity," Professional Geographer 21:104-107.
Thompson, Laura, 1949, "The Relations of Men, Animals and Plants in an Island Community (Fiji)," American Anthropologist 51:253-267.
Toledo, Victor, 1992, "What is Ethnoecology," Etnoecologia 1(1):5-21.
Vayda, Andrew P., 1961, "Expansion and Warfare among Swidden Agriculturalists," American Anthropologist 63:346-358.
_____, 1974, "Warfare in Ecological perspective," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5:183-193.
_____, 1983, "Progressive Contextualization: Methods for Research in Human Ecology," Human Ecology 11(3):265-281.
_____, 1996, "Methods and Explanations in the Study of Human Actions and their Environmental Effects," Jakarta, Indonesia: CIFOR/WWF Special Publication, pp. 1-44.
Vickers, William, 1988, "The Game Depletion Hypothesis of Amazonian Adaptation: Data from a Native Community," Science 239:1521-1522.
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CASE STUDY
CURRIPACO ADAPTATIONS TO RIVERS OF HUNGER
IN THE NORTHWEST AMAZON OF VENEZUELA
VIDEOS
Amazon 16117
Amazon: Land of the Flooded Forest 8765
BOOKS
Dickenson, Robert E., 1987, The Geophysiology of Amazonia: Vegetation and Climate Interactions, New York, NY: John Wiley.
Goldman, Irving, 1979, The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Goulding, Michael, 1980, Fishes of the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
_____, 1989, Amazon: The Flooded Forest, London, UK: BBC Books.
Goulding, Michael, M.L. Carvalho, and E.G. Ferreira, 1988, Rio Negro, Rich Life in Poor Water: Amazonian Diversity and Foodchain Ecology as Seen Through Fish Communities, The Hague, Netherlands: SPB Academic Books.
Goulding, Michael, Nigel J.H. Smith, and Dennis J. Mahar, 1996, Floods of Fortune: Ecology and Economy Along the Amazon, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Hugh-Jones, Chrisine, 1979, From the Milk River: Spatial and Temporal Processes in the Northwestern Amazon, New York: Cambridge UP.
Hugh-Jones, Stephen, 1979, The Palm and the Pleiades: Initiation and Cosmology in the Northwestern Amazon, New York: Cambridge UP.
Jackson, Jean E., 1983, The Fish People: Linguistic Exogamy and Tukanoan Identity in the Northwestern Amazon, New York: Cambridge UP.
Jordan, Carl F., 1985, Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Forest Ecosystems: Principles and Their Application in Management and Conservation, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
_____, 1987, An Amazonian Rainforest: The Structure and Function of a Nutrient Stressed Ecosystem and the Impact of Slah-and-Burn Agriculture, New York, NY: Parthenon Publishing Group.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H., 1975, Fish Communities in Tropical Freshwaters: Their Distribution, Ecology, and Evolution, London, UK: Longman.
_____, 1977, Ecology of Fishes in Tropical Waters, London, UK: Arnold.
_____, 1987, Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Monbiot, George, 1991, Amazon Watershed, London, UK: Michael Joseph.
Moran, Emilio F., 1993, Through Amazon Eyes: The Ecology of Human Populations in the Amazon, Iowa City, IO: University of Iowa Press.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 1971, Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
_____, 1975, The Shaman and the Jaguar: A Study of Narcotic Drugs Among the Indians of Colombia, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
_____, 1987, Shamanism and Art of Eastern Tukanoan Indians Colombian Northwest Amazon, New York, NY: E.J. Brill.
_____, 1990, Beyond the Milky Way: Hallucinatory Imagery of the Tukano Indians, Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Latin American Center Publication.
_____, 1996, Yurupari: Studies of an Amazonian Foundation Myth, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
_____, 1996, Forest Within: The World View of the Tukano Amazonian Indians, Totnes, Devon, UK: Themis.
Seidl, Peter Rudolf, et al., eds., 1995, Chemistry of the Amazon: Biodiversity, Natural Products, and Environmental Issues, Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society.
Sioli, Harald, ed., 1984, The Amazon: Limnology and Landscape Ecology of a Mighty Tropical River and its Basin, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers.
Smith, Nigel J.H., 1981, Man, Fishes, and the Amazon, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
_____, 1996, The Enchanted Amazon Rainforest, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
_____, 1999, The Amazon River Forest: A Natural History of Plants, Animals and People, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Sponsel, Leslie E., ed., 1995, Indigenous Peoples & the Future of Amazonia: An Ecological Anthropology of an Endangered World, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Wallace, Alfred Russell, 1905, Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, New York, NY: Reeve and Co.
ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Clarke, Katherine, and Christopher Uhl, 1987, "Farming, Fishing, and Fire in the History of the Upper Rio Negro Region of Venezuela," Human Ecology 15(1):1-26.
Dufour, Darna, 1987, "Insects as Food: A Case Study from the Northwestern Amazon," American Anthropologist 89:383-397.
_____, 1990, "Use of Tropical Rain Forests by Native Amazonians," BioScience 40(9):652-659.
Goulding, Michael, 1993, "Flooded Forests of the Amazon," Scientific American 266(3):114-120.
Gragson, Ted L., 1992, "Fishing the Waters of Amazonia: Native Subsistence Economies in a Tropical Rain Forest," American Anthropologist 94(2):428-440.
Linares, Olfga, 1976, "Garden Hunting in the American Tropics," Human Ecology 4(4):331-349.
McGrath, David G., 1993, "Fisheries and the Evolution of Resource Management on the Lower Amazon Floodplain," Human Ecology 21(2):167-195.
Milton, Katherine, 1984, "Protein and Carbohydrate Resources of ther Maku Indians of Northwestern Amazon," American Anthropologist 86(1):7-27.
Moran, Emilio F., 1989, "Models of Native and Folk Adaptation in the Amazon," Advances in Economic Botany 7:22-29.
_____, 1991, "Human Adaptive Strategies in Amazonian Blackwater Ecosystems," American Anthropologist 93:361-382.
Padoch, Christine, 1988, "People of the Floodplain and the Forest," in People of the Tropical Rain Forest, Julie Sloan Denslow and Christine Padich, eds., Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 127-140.
Sponsel, L.E., 1986, "Amazon Ecology and Adaptation," Annual Review of Anthropology 15:67-97.
_____, 1989, "Foraging and Farming: A Necessary Complementarity in Amazonia," in Farmers as Hunters, Susan kent, ed., pp. 37-45.
_____, 1992, "The Environmental History of Amazonia: Natural and Human Disturbances, and the Ecological Transition," in Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today's Challenges in Central and South America, Harold K. Steen and Richard P. Tucker, eds. pp. 233-251.
_____, and Paula Loya, 1993, "`Rivers of Hunger'?: Indigenous Resource Management in the Oligotrophic Ecosystems of the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Venezuela," in Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications, C.M. Hladik, et al., eds., pp. 435-446.
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4. SPIRITUAL ECOLOGY
Spiritual ecology is a complex and diverse arena of spiritual, emotional, intellectual, and practical activities at the interface of religions and environment.
VIDEOS
Bhutan: The Last Shangri-La
The 11 Powers (Bali) 4047
Fire on the Mountain: A Gathering of Shamans
From the Heart of the World (Kogi, Colombia) 6070
The Goddess and the Computer (Bali) 4047
Keeping the Faith 13215
Ladakh 11602
Listen to the Forest (Hawaiians) 9093
Shark Callers of Kontu 270
Spirit and Nature 5326
WEBSITES
Alliance of Religions and Conservation (ARC)
http://www.salford.ac.uk/env-res/wwf
Anthropology of Religion Section of the
American Anthropological Association
http://www.aaanet.org
California Institute of Integral Studies
http://www.ciis.edu
Earth Island Institute
http://www.earthisland.org
Encyclopedia on Religion and Nature
http://www.religionandnature.com
Forum on Religion and Ecology (FORE)
http://environment.harvard.edu/religion
Greenearth Foundation
http://www.rmetzner-greenearth.org
Hawaiian Sacred Sites and Power Spots
http://www.pscience.net/sites
Honoring Sacred Sites/Indigenous Environmental Network
http://www.alphacdc.com/ien
International Society for Environmental Ethics
http://www.cep.unt.edu/ISEE.html
National Religious Partnership for the Environment
http://www.nrpe.org
Places of Peace and Power
http://sacredsites.com
The Sacred Earth Network
http://www.igc.apc.org/sen
Sacred Land Film Project
http://www.sacredland.org
Sacred Sites International Foundation
http://www.sitesaver.org/ssif
Schumacher College
http://www.gn.apc.org/schumachercollege
The Sierra Institute Wilderness Field Studies
http://www.ucsc-extension.edu/sierra
The Spiritual Naturalist
http://www.portalproductions.com/spiritnature
The Trumpeter: Journal of Ecosophy
http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca
JOURNALS
EarthLight: Magazine of Spiritual Ecology
Earth Ethics
EcoTheology
Environmental Ethics GF80 .E59
Environmental Values
Ethics, Place and Environment
Resurgence
The Trumpeter: Journal of Ecosophy QH540.5 .T8
Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion
BOOKS
Anderson, E.N., 1996. Ecologies of the Heart: Emotion, Belief, and the Environment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Badiner, Alan Hunt, ed., 1990, Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology, Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press.
Barney, Gerald O., et al., 2000, Threshold 2000: Critical Issues and Spiritual Values for a Gloabl Age, Ada, MI: CoNexus Press.
Barnhill, David Landis, and Roger S. Gottlieb, eds., 2001, Deep Ecology and World Religions: New Essays on Sacred Ground, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Bernbaum, Edwin, 1992, Sacred Mountains of the World, San Francisco, CA: Siera Club Books.
Bierhorst, John, 1994, The Way of the Earth: Native America and the Environment, New York, NY: William Morrow and Co., Inc.
Callicott, J. Baird, 1989, In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
_____, 1994, Earth's Insights: A Multicultural Survey of Ecological Ethics from the Mediterranean Basin to the Australian Outback, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Carmichael, David L., et al., eds., 1994, Sacred Sites, Sacred Places, New York, NY: Routledge.
Chapple, Christopher Key, 1993, Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Chapple, Christopher Key, and Mary Evelyn Tucker, eds., 2000, Hinduism and Ecology: The Intersection of Earth, Sky, and Water, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cunningham, Scott, 1995, Hawaiian Religion and Magic, St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications.
Devall, Bill, and George Sessions, 1985, Deep Ecology, Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs M. Smith, Inc.
Dudley, Michael Kioni, 1990, Man, Gods, and Nature: A Hawaiian Nation I, Honolulu, HI: Na Kane O Ka Malo Press,
Gosling, David L., 2001, Religion and Ecology in India and Southeast Asia, New York, NY: Routledge.
Gottlieb, Roger S., ed., 1996. This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment. New York, NY: Routledge.
Grim, John A., ed., 2001, Indigenous Traditions and Ecology: The Interbeing of Cosmology and Community, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gulliford, Andrew, 2000, Sacred Objects and Sacred Places: Preserving Tribal Traditions, Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press.
Hamilton, Lawrence S., ed., 1993. Ethics, Religion and Biodiversity: Relations Between Conservation and Cultural Values. Cambridge, UK: White Horse Press.
Harrod, Howard L., 2000, The Animals Came Dancing: Native American Sacred Ecology and Animal Kinship, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Hessel, Dieter T., and Rosemary Radford Ruether, 2000, Christianity and Ecology: Seeking the Well-Being of Earth and Humans, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Holm, Jean, and John Bowker, eds., 1994, Attitudes Toward Nature, New York, NY: Pinter Publishers/St. Martin's Press, Inc.
Holm, Jean, and John Bowker, eds., 1994, Sacred Places, New York, NY: Pinter Publishers/St. Martin's Press, Inc.
Hughes, J. Donald, 1983, American Indian Ecology, El Paso, TX: Texas Western Press.
Jardins, Joseph R. des, 2001, Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn, 1998, Buddhism and Nature Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand: Thammasat University.
Katz, Eric, Andrew Light, and David Rothenberg, 2000, Beneath the Surface: Critical Essays in the Philosophy of Deep Ecology, Cabridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kawagley, A. Oscar, 1995, A Yupiaq Worldview: A Pathway to Ecology and Spirit, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Kaza, Stephanie, and Kenneth Kraft, eds., 2000, Dharma Rain: Sources of Buddhist Environmentalism, Boston, MA: Shambhala.
Kinsley, David, 1995. Ecology and Religion: Ecological Spirituality in Cross-Cultural Perspective, Englewood CLiffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Lansing, Stephen, 1991, Priests and Programmers, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Matthiessen, Peter, 1984, Indian Country, New York, NY: Penguin.
McFadden, Steven, 1991, Profiles in Wisdom: Native Elders Speak about the Earth, Santa Fe, NM: Bear & Co.
McGaa, Ed (Eagle Man), 1990, Mother Earth Spirituality: Native American Paths to Healing Ourselves and Our World, San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins Publisher.
Metzner, Ralph, 1999, Green Psychology: Transforming Our Relationship to the Earth, Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.
Nelson, Lance E., ed., 1998, Purifying the Earthly Body of God: Religion and Ecology in Hindu India, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Oelschlager, Max, ed., 1995, Postmodern Environmental Ethics, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Posey, Darrell A., et al., eds., 1999, Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity, London, UK: Intermediate Technology Publications/UNEP.
Rappaport, Roy A., 1979. Ecology, Meaning and Religion. Richmond, CA: North Atlantic Books.
Rappaport, Roy A., 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Redekop, Calvin, ed., 2000, Creation and the Environment: An Anabaptist Perspective on a Sustainable World, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 1971, Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Rockefeller, Steven, and John C. Edler, eds., 1992. Spirit and Nature: Why the Environment is a Religious Issue. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Ryan, P.D., 1998, Buddhism and the Natural World, Birmingham, UK: Windhorse Publications.
Ryley, Nancy, 1998, The Forsaken Garden: Four Conversations on the Deep Meaning of Environmental Illness, Wheaton, IL: Quest.
Sheldrake, Rupert, 1994, The Rebirth of Nature: The Greening of Science and God, Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.
Skolimowski, Henryk, 1993, A Sacred Place to Dwell: Living With Reverence Upon the Earth, Rockport, MA: Element.
Spring, David, and Eileen Spring, eds., 1974. Ecology and Religion in History. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Swan, James A., 1990, Sacred Places: How the Living Earth Seeks Our Friendship, Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co.
Suzuki, David, and Peter Knudtson, 1992, Wisdom of the Elders: Sacred Native Stories of Nature, New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Tucker, Mary Evelyn, and John A. Grim, eds., 1993, Worldviews and Ecology, Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.
Tucker, Mary Evelyn, and Duncan Ryuken Williams, eds., 1997, Buddhism and Ecology: The Inerconnections of Dharma and Deeds, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tucker, Mary Evelyn, and John Berthrong, eds., 1998, Confucianism and Ecology: The Interrelation of Heaven, Earth, and Humans, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Twiss, Sumner B., and Bruce Grelle, 1998, Explorations in GLobal Ethics: Comparative Religious Ethics and Interreligious Dialogue, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Allendorf, Fred W., and Bruce A. Byers, 1998, "Salmon in the Net of Indra: a Buddhist View of Nature and Communities," Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 2(1):37-52.
Bandyopadhyay, J., and Vandana Shiva, 1987, "Chipko: Rekindling India's Forest Culture," The Ecologist 17(1):26-34.
Bowie, Fiona, 2000, "Religion, Culture, and Environment," in her The Anthropology of Religion, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 118-150.
Dove, Michael, 1993, "Uncertainty, Humility, and Adaptation in the Tropical Forest: The Agricultural Augury of the Kantu," Ethnology 32(2):145-168.
Ereira, Alan, 2001, "Back to the Heart of Lightness [Kogi of Colombia]," The Ecologist 31(6):34-38.
Heinen, H. Dieter, and Kenneth Ruddle, 1974, "Ecology, Ritual, and Economic Organization in the Distirbution of Palm Starch among the Warao of the Orinoco Delta," Journal of Anthropological Research 30:116-138.
Hultkrantz, Ake, 1987, "Ecology," The Encyclopedia of Religion 4:581-585.
Lansing, Stephen J., and James N. Kremer, 1993, "Emergent Properties of Balinese Water Temple Networks," American Anthropologist 95(1):97-114.
Moore, O.K., 1957, "Divination--- a New Perspective," American Anthropologist 59:69-74.
Nash, Roderick F., 1989, "The Greening of Religion," in his The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 87-120.
Porter, Samuel C., 1999, "The Pacific Northwest Forest Debate: Bringing Religion Back In? Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 3(1):3-32.
Rappaport, Roy A., 1967, "Ritual Regulation of Environmental Relations among a New Guinea People," Ethnology 6:17-30.
_____, 1971, "Ritual, Sanctity, and Cybernetics," American Anthropologist 73:59-76.
_____, 1971, "The Sacred in Human Evolution," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:23-44.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 1976, "Cosmology as Ecological Analysis: A View from the Rainforest," Man 11:307-318.
_____, 1999, "A View from the Headwaters," The Ecologist 29(4):276-280.
Rodman, Margaret C., 1992, "Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality," American Anthropologist 94(3):640-656.
Sponsel, L.E., 2000, "Do Anthropologists Need Religion, and Vice Versa?: Adventures and Dangers in Spiritual Ecology," in New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Interactions, Carole Crumley, ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Altamira Press, pp. 177-200.
______, 2000, "Is Indigenous Spiritual Ecology Just a New Fad? Reflections from the Historical Ecology of Hawaii and the Ecological Transition," in Indigenous Traditions and Ecology, John Grim, ed., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Center for the Study of World Religions, pp. 159-174.
Tucker, Mary Evelyn, 1997, "The Emerging Alliance of Religion and Ecology," Worldviews: Environment, Culture and Religion 1(1):3-24.
Watanabe, H., 1974, "The Conception of Nature in Japanese Culture," Science 183:279-282.
White, Lynn, Jr., 1967, "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis," Science 155:1203-1207.
Whittaker, Elvi, 1994, "Public Discourse on Sacredness: The Transfer of Ayres Rock to Aboriginal Ownership," American Ethnologist 21(2):310-334.
Yi-Fu Tuan, 1970, "Our Treatment of the Environment in Ideal and Actuality," American Scientist 58:244-249.
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CASE STUDY
WHAT'S IN A TREE?
THE SPIRITUAL ECOLOGY OF SACRED TREES IN THAILAND
VIDEOS
Silent Witnesses America's Historic Trees 18731
Ancient Forests: Rage Over Trees 4410
Battle for the Trees 12144
Butterfly 18644
Coastal Giants (California Redwoods)
Earth First: The Struggle to Save
Australia's Rainforest 2635
The First Forests 5529 Pt. 1
The Greening of Thailand 13274
Ladakh 11602
Life in the Trees 5529 Pt. 2
The Northern Forests 440
Thailand (Mini-Dragons II series) 10571
Tree House People 11895
BOOKS
Altman, Nathaniel, 1994, Sacred Trees, San Francisco, CA: Siera Club Books.
Ford, Brian J., 1999, Sensitive Souls: Senses and Communication in Plants, Animals, and Microbes, London, UK: Little, Brown and Co.
Gruzalski, Bart, 1993, "The Chipko Movement: A Gandhian Approach to Ecological Sustainability and Liberation from Economic Colonization," Ethical and Political Dilemmas of Modern India, Ninian Smart and Shivesh Thakur, eds., New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, pp. 100-125.
Guha, Gita, 1995, "A Culture of Trees," Resurgence 168:31-35.
Hill, Julia Butterfly, 2000, The Legacy of Luna: The Story of a Tree, a Woman, and the Struggle to Save the Redwoods, San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins Publisher.
Kaza, Stephanie, 1996, The Attentive Heart: Conversations with Trees, Boston, MA: Shambhala.
Perlman, Michael, 1994, The Power of Trees: The Reforesting of the Soul, Dallas, TX: Spring Publications.
Prime, Ranchor, 1992, "Hugging Trees," in his Hinduism and Ecology: Seeds of Truth, London, UK: Cassell Publishers, Ltd., pp. 358-362.
Ramakrishnan, P.S., K.G. Saxena, and U.M. Chandrashekara, eds., 1998, Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management, Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, Inc.
Rival, Laura, ed., 1998, The Social Life of Trees: Anthropological Perspectives on Tree Symbolism, New York, NY: Berg.
Seeland, Klaus, ed., 1997, Nature is Culture: Indigenous Knowledge and Socio-Cultural Aspects of Trees and Forests in non-European Cultures, London, UK: Intermediate Technology Publications.
Shiva, Vandana, and J. Bandyopadhyay, 1988, "The Chipko Movement," Deforestation: Social Dynamics in Watersheds and Mountain Ecosystems, J. Ives and D. Pitt, eds., London, UK: Routledge, pp. 224-241.
Swan, James A., 1990, Sacred Places: How the Living Earth Seeks Our Friendship, Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co.
ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Beehler, B.M., 1994, "Using Village Naturalists for Treeplot Biodiversity Studies," Tropical Biodiversity 2(2):333-338.
Bennett, David H., 1996, "Valuing a Tree: The Ethics of Environmental Evaluation," Tropical Forest Research: Current Issues, D.S. Edwards, et al., eds., Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 467-475.
Byers, Bruce A., Robert N. Cunliffe, and Andrew T. Hudak, 2001, "Linking the Coservation of Culture and Nature: A Case Study of Sacred Forests in Zimbabwe," Human Ecology 29(2):187-218.
Chanrakanth, M.G., and Jeff Romm, 1991, "Sacred Forests, Secular Forest Policies and Peoples Actions," Natural Resource Journal 31:741-756.
Chandrakanth, M.G., et al., 1990, "Temple Forests in India's Forest Development," Agroforestry 11(3):199-211.
Darlington, Susan M., 1998, "The Ordination of a Tree: The Buddhist Ecology Movement in Thailand," Ethnology 37(1):1-15.
Darlington, Susan M., 2000, "Rethinking Buddhism and Development: The Emergence of Environmental Monks in Thailand," Journal of Buddhist Ethics 7:1-14.
Dawson, Todd E., 1993, "Hydraulic Lift and Water Use by Plants: Implications for Balance, Performance and Plant-Plant Interactions," Oecologia 95:565-574.
Erdosy, George, 1998, "Deforestation in Pre- and Protohistoric South Asia," Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia, Delhi, India: Oxford University Press, pp. 51-69.
Guha, Ramachandran, 1997, "The Authoritarian Biologist and the Arrogance of Anti-Humanism: Wildlife Conservation in the Third World," The Ecologist 27(1):14-20.
Kraft, Kenneth, 1994, "The Greening of Buddhist Practice," Cross Currents 44(2):163-179.
Kunstadter, Peter, 1989, "The End of the Frontier: Culture and Environment Interactions in Thailand," Culture and Environment in Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand: Siam Society, pp. 543-552.
Lebbie, Aiah R., and Raymond P. Gurries, 1995, "Ethnobotanical Value and Conservation of Sacred Groves of the Kpaa Mende in Sierra Leone," Economic Botany 49(3):297-308.
Mansberger, Joe, 1988, "In Search of the Tree Spirit: Evolution of the Sacred Tree (Ficus religiosa)," Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today's Challenges in Asia, Australasia and Oceania, John Dargavel, Kay Dixon, and Noel Semple, eds., Canberra, Australia: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, pp. 399-411.
McNeely, Jeffrey A., Kenton R. Miller, Walter V. Reid, Russell A. Mittermeier, and Timothy B. Werner, 1990, "Strategies for Conserving Biodiversity," Environment 32(3):16-20, 36-40.
Pei Shengji, 1985, "Managing for Biological Diversity Conservation in Temple Yards and Holy Hills: The Traditional Practices of Xishuangbanna Dai Community, Southwestern China," in Ethics, Religion, and Biodiversity, Lawrence S. Hamilton, ed., pp. 118-132.
Prime, Ranchor, 1992, "Hugging the Trees," in his Hinduism and Ecology: Seeds of Truth, London, UK: Cassell Publishers, Ltd., pp. 90-103.
Sponsel, Leslie E., and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel, 1991, "A Comparison of the Cultural Ecology of Adjacent Muslim and Buddhist Villages in Southern Thailand," Journal of the National Research Council of Thailand 23(2):31-42.
_____, 1992, "A Comparison of the Cultural Ecology of Adjacent Muslim and Buddhist Villages in Southern Thailand," Journal of the National Research Council of Thailand 23(2):31-42.
______, 1993, "The Potential Contribution of Buddhism in Developing an Environmental Ethic for the Conservation of Biodiversity," in Ethics, Religion and Biodiversity: Relations between Conservation and Cultural Values, Lawrence Hamilton, ed., pp. 75-97.
______, 1995, "The Role of Buddhism in Creating a More Sustainable Society in Thailand," in Counting the Costs: Economic Growth and Environmental Change in Thailand, Jonathan Rigg, ed., pp. 27-46.
_____, 1997, "Environment and Nature: Buddhism," in Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Helaine Selin, ed., Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 290-291.
_____, 1997, "A Theoretical Analysis of the Potential Contribution of the Monastic Community in Promoting a Green Society in Thailand," in Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Williams, eds., pp. 45-68.
_____, 2002, "Buddhist Views on Nature and the Environmet," in Non-Western Views on Nature and the Environment, Helaine Selin, ed., Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers (in press).
______, Nukul Ruttanadakul, and Somporn Juntadach, 1998, "Sacred and/or Secular Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation in Thailand," Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 2(2):155-167.
Usher, Ann Danaiya, 1994, "After the Forest: AIDS as Ecological Collapse in Thailand," Thai Development Newsletter 26:20-32.
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5. POLITICAL ECOLOGY
Political ecology emphasizes the role of power differences (including socioeconomic classes, developed vs. developing countries, etc.) in access to and use of natural resources from the perspective of regional political economy.
Closely related are three other approaches.
Radical ecology critically analyzes the ultimate causes of environmental problems based on the assumption that the domination, exploitation, and degradation of the environment reflects such processes in society related to socioeconomic classes, sexism, racism, and ethnocentrism. (It is more or less synonymous with social ecology and socialist ecology).
Feminist ecology or ecofeminism views male domination and exploitation of women as linked with human domination and exploitation of nature, thus liberation of women is a key to resolving environmental problems and issues as well as developing a more sustainable, nonviolent, and just society.
Green ecology is a philosophical and sociopolitical approach to environmental problems and issues based on the identification of the underlying fallacy of industrial society --- that infinite growth is possible on a finite base; instead it pursues the development of a more sustainable, nonviolent, and just society.
VIDEOS
A Trial in East Kalimantan: The Benoaq Dyak Resistance 18906
Anthropologists at Work 11984
Butterfly 18644
Can the Tropical Rain Forest Be Saved 13177
Earth First!: The Struggle to Save Australia's Rainforest 2635
Gertrude Blom: Guardian of the Forest (Maya, Guatemala) 6611
The Greening of Thailand 13274
Heroes of the Earth 10994
Kayapo: Out of the Forest (Brazilian Amazon) 5297
To Protect Mother Earth (Shoshoni) 5413
Rainforest: Proving Their Worth 5163
The Turtle People 8508
WEBSITES
Amazing Environmental Organizations Web Directory
http://www.webdirectory.com
Center for Biodiversity and Conservation - American Museum of Natural History
http://research.amnh.org/biodiversity
Center for International Earth Science Information Network
http://www.ciesin.org
Center for International Forestry Research
http://www.cifor.cgiar.org
Center for Marine Conservation
http://www.cmc-ocean.org
Columbia Earthscape: An Online Resource on the Global Environment
http://www.earthscape.org
Cultural Survival
http://www.cs.org
The Cultural Conservancy
http://www.nativeland.org
E.The Environmental Magazine
http://www.emagazine.com
Earth Charter Initiative
http://www.earthcharter.com
Earth Day
http://www.earthday.org
Earth First!
http://www.earthfirst.org
Earthscan
http://www.earthscan.co.uk
Earth Summit Watch
http://www.earthsummitwatch.org
The Earth Times
http://www.earthtimes.org
Earth University
http://www.earth.ac.cr
Earth Watch Institute
http://www.earthwatch.org
East-West Center
http://www.eastwestcenter.org
EcoNet
http://www.igc.org/igc/gateway/eindex.html
EnviroLink
http://www.envirolink.org
Environment/WWW Virtual Library
http://earthsystems.org/Environment.html
Environmental Defense Fund
http://www.edf.org
Environmental News Network
http://www.enn.com
Friends of the Earth
http://www.foe.org
Global Forest Watch
http://www.globalforestwatch.org
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities
http://www.gpa.unep.org
Green Link
http://fox.nstn.ca/~greenweb
Greenpeace
http://www.greenpeace.org
Index-Environmental Organizations
http://envirolink.org.orgs
Indigenous Knowledge Development Monitor
http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran.ikdm
Institute for Cultural Ecology
http://www.cultural_ecology.com
Institute for Deep Ecology
http://www.deep-ecology.org
Institute for Social Ecology
http://www.social-ecology.org
International Network of Forests and Communities
http://www.forestsandcommunities.org
International Society for Ecology and Culture
http://www.isec.org.uk
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
http://www.iwgia.org
Island Press
http://www.islandpress.org
National Fisheries Institute
http://www.nfi.org
National Wildlife Federation
http://www.nwf.org
Native Americans and the Environment
http://www.conbio.rice.edu/nae
Native Web
http://www.nativeweb.org
Natural Resources Defense Council
http://www.nrdc.org
The Nature Conservancy
http://www.nature.org
Project Underground
http://www.moles.org
Rainforest Action Network
http://www.ran.org
Rainforest Alliance
http://www.rainforest-alliance.org
Regional Seas/UNEP
http://www.unep.ch/seas
Sierra Club
http://www.sierraclub.org
Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History
http://nmnhwww.si.edu
Survival International
http://www.survival-international.org
Talking Leaves: A Journal of Our Evolving Ecological Culture
http://www.talkingleaves.org
Third World Network
http://www.twnside.org.sg
Union of Concerned Scientists
http://www.ucsusa.org
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
http://www.unesco.org
United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)
http://www.unep.ch
United Nations International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
http://www.ipcc.ch
U.S. Global Change Research Information Office (GCRIO)
http://www.gcrio.org
U.S. Greens
http://usgreens.org
Wilderness Society
http://www.wilderness.org
World Bank
http://www.worldbank.org
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
http://www.wcmc.org.uk
World Conservation Union
http://www.iucn.org
World Meteorological Organization
http://www.wmo.org
World Rainforest Movement
http://www.wrm.org
World Resources Institute
http://www.wri.org
World Watch Institute
http://www.worldwatch.org
World Wildlife Fund
http://www.worldwildlife.org
Youth for Environmental Sanity
http://www.yesworld.org
JOURNALS
Alternatives JX18 .A48
Ambio QH540 .A53
American Indian Culture and Research Journal E75 .A5124
American Indian Quarterly E75 .A547
Amicus Journal S930 .A65
Animal Conservation
Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography G1 .A68
Biological Conservation S900 .B5
Capitalism, Nature, and Socialism HD75.6 .C36
Conservation Biology QH75 .A1 C665
Critical Inquiry PN2 .C74
Cultural Survival Quarterly GN357 .Q37
Democracy and Nature: The International Journal of Politics and Ecology (formerly Society and Nature: The International Journal of Political Ecology)
Development HC60 .I546
Development and Change HD82 .D387
Development Studies
HC10 .J58
Dialectical Anthropology HX550 .A56 D53
Earth Times
Ecological Economics
Human Organization GN1 .H88
The Ecologist QH540 .N38
Environment TD180 .E53
Environmental Conservation SD172 .E54
Environmental Management
Forest and Conservation History SD140 .F6
Forest Ecology and Management SD1 .F57
Forest Science SD1 .F655
International Wildlife S960 .I55
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs GN1 .S6
Journal of Applied Ecology S3 .J86
Journal of Developing Areas HC59 .A1 J68
Journal of Developing Societies DS1 .J693
Journal of Development Studies HC10 .J58
Journal of Economic Development HC59.7 .J684
Journal of Environmental Education S946 .E54
Journal of Environmental Management HC79 .E5 J68
Journal of Wildlife Management SK351 .J68
Political Anthropology JA26 .P63
Political Geography JC319 .P62
Rural Sociology HT401 .R8
Society and Nature:
The International Journal of Political Ecology
State of the World HC59.7 .S72
Studies in Third World Societies HN980 .S8
Survival International Newsletter GN380 .S9 folio
Third World Quarterly HC59.7 .T458
Wilderness QH1 .L93
Wildlife Conservation QL1 .N5
World Development HC59.7 .W67
Worldwatch HC54 .W67
BOOKS
Adams, Jonathan S., and Thomas O. McShane, 1996, The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation without Illusion, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Apffel-Marglin, F., 1999, The Spirit of Regeneration: Andean Culture Confronting Western Notions of Development, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books.
Atkinson, Adrian, 1991. Principles of Political Ecology. London, UK: Belhaven Press.
Bender, Barbara, and Margot Winer, eds., 2001, Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place, New York, NY: Berg.
Benton, Ted, ed., 1996. The Greening of Marxism. New York, NY: Guilford Publications, Inc.
Bernard, Ted, and Jora Young, 1997, The Ecology of Hope: Communities Collaborate for Sustainability, East Haven, CT: New Society Publishers.
Bodley, John H., 1999, Victims of Progress, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.
_____, 2001, Anthropology and Contemporary Human Problems, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.
Bookchin, Murray, 1982, The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy, Palo Alto, CA: Cheshire Books.
______, 1991. Remaking Society: Pathways to a Green Future. Boston, MA: South End Press.
Brush, Stephen, and D. Stabinsky, eds., 1996, Intellectual Property Rights and Indigenous Knowledge, Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Bryant, R.L., and S. Bailey, 1997, Third World Political Ecology, London, UK: Routledge.
Cohen, Maurie, and Joseph Murphy, eds., 2001, Exploring Sustainable Consumption: Environmental Policy and the Social Sciences, New York, NY: Elsevier.
Colchester, Marcus, and Larry Lohmann, eds., 1993, The Struggle for the Land and the Fate of the Forests, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books.
Dasmann, Raymond F., John P. Milton, and Peter H. Freeman, 1973, Ecological Principles for Economic Development, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dobson, Andrew, ed., 1991, The Green Reader: Essays Toward a Sustainable Society. London, UK: Deutsch.
Engel, J. Ronald, and Joan Gibb Engel, eds., 1990, Ethics of Environment and Development: Global Challenge, International Response, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Gare, Arran E., 1995, Postmodernism and the Environmental Crisis, New York, NY: Routledge.
Gibson, Clark C., 1999, Politians and Poachers: The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Goodin, Robert E., 1992, Green Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, Inc.
Goodman, A., and T. Leatherman, eds., 1998, Building a New Biocultural Synthesis: Political-Economic Perspectives in Human Biology, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Gray, Gary G., 1993, Wildlife and People: The Human Dimension of Wildlife Ecology, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Guha, Ramachandra, 2000, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalayas, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
_____, 2000, Environmentalism: A Global History, New York, NY: Longman.
______, and Juan Martinez-Alier, eds., 1997, Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South, London, UK: Earthscan Publications, Ltd.
Herndl, Carl G., and Stuart C. Brown, eds., 1996, Green Culture: Environmental Rhetoric in Contemporary America, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
IUCN, 1997, Indigenous Peoples and Sustainability: Cases and Actions, Utrecht, The Netherlands: International Books/IUCN(International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources).
Johnston, Barbara R., ed., 1994. Who Pays the Price? The Sociocultural Context of Environmental Crisis. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
______, ed., 1997, Life and Death Matters: Human Rights and the Environment at the End of the Millennium. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
Klare, Michael T., 2001, Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict, New York, NY: Metropolitan.
Kempf, Elizabeth, ed., 1993, The Law of the Mother: Protecting Indigenous Peoples in Protected Areas, San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
Lewis, Martin W., 1992, Green Delusions: An Environmetnalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism, Durham, NC: Duke University.
Light, Andrew, 1998, Social Ecology after Bookchin, New York, NY: Guildford Press.
List, Peter C., 1993, Radical Environmentalism: Philosophy and Tactics, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Manes, Christopher, 1990, Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization, Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.
Macauley, David, ed., 1996, Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology, New York, NY: Guilford Press.
McCormick, John, 1989, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
McLaughlin, Andrew, 1993, Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep Ecology, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Meadows, Dennis, and Donella Meadows, 1972, The Limits to Growth: A Report of the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind, New York, NY: Universe Books.
Merchant, Carolyn, 1992. Radical Ecology: The Search for a Livable World. New York, NY: Routledge.
_____, ed., 1994. Ecology. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.
Meyer, Christine, and Faith Moosang, eds., 1992, Living with the Land: Communities Restoring the Earth, Gabriola Island, Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers.
Myers, Norman, ed., 1984, Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management, Garden City, NY: Doubelday.
_____, 1996. Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Ostrom, E., R. Gardner, and J. Walker, 1994, Rules, Games and Common Pool Resources, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Peet, R., and M. Watts, eds., 1996, Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements, New York, NY: Routledge.
Peluso, Nancy, 1994, Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Pepper, D., 1996, Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction.
New York, NY: Routledge.
Plant, Judith, ef., 1989. Healing Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers.
Plotkin, Mark, and Lisa Famolare, eds., 1992, Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products, Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
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Purchase, Graham, 1997. Anarchism and Ecology. New York, NY: Black Rose Books.
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Rocheleau, Dianne, Barbara Thomas-Slayter, and Esther Wangari, 1996. Feminist Political Ecology. New York, NY: Routledge.
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Sale, Kirkpatrick, 1993, The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement 1962-1992, New York, HNY: Hill and Wang.
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Soper, Kate, 1995, What is Nature? Culture, Politics, and the Non-Human, Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Soule, Michael, and Gary Lease, eds., 1994, Reinventing Nature?: Responses to Postmodern Deconstructionism, Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
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Stonich, Susan, 1993, `I am Destroying the Land!': The Political Ecology of Poverty and Environmental Destruction in Honduras, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
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Weaver, Jace, ed., 1996, Defending Mother Earth: Native American perspectives on Environmental Justice, Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
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_____, et al., eds., 1993, Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Agrawal, Arun, 1995, "Dismantling the Divide Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge," Development and Change 26:413-439.
Alcorn, Janis, 1993, "Indigenous Peoples and Conservation," Conservation Biology 7(2):424-426.
Alvard, Michael, 1995, "Intraspecific Prey Choice by Amazonian Hunters," Current Anthropology 36(5):789-818.
Appell, George N., 1975, "The Pernicious Effects of Development," Fields within Fields 14:31-45.
Barbier, E.B., 1987, "The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development," Environmental Conservation 14(2):101-110.
Bates, Daniel, and T.K. Rudel, 2000, "The Political Ecology of Conserving Tropical Rain Forests: A Cross-national Analysis," Society and Natural Resources 13:619-634.
Becker, C.D., and E. Ostrom, 1995, "Human Ecology and Sustainability: The Importance of Institutional Diversity," Annual Review of Ecology and Sustainability 26:113-133.
Bowles, I.A., R.E. Rice, R.A. Mittermeier, and G.A.B. da Fonseca, 1998, "Logging and Tropical Forest Conservation," Science 280:1899-1900.
Broad, R., 1994, "The Poor and the Environment: Friends or Foes?," World Development 22(6):811-822.
_____, 1995, "The Political Economy of Natural Resources" Case Studies of the Indonesian and Philippine Forest Sectors," Journal of Developing Areas 29:317-340.
Brosius, J. Peter, 1997, "Endangered Forest, Endangered Peple: Environmentalist Representations of Indigenous Knowledge," Human Ecology 25(1):47-69.
_____, 1999, "Green Dots, Pink Hearts: Displacing Politics from the Malaysian Rain Forest," American Anthropologist 101(1):36-57.
_____, 1999, "Anthropological Engagements with Environmentalism," Current Anthropology 40(3):277-309.
Brosius, J. Peter, Anna L. Tsing, and Charles Zerner, 1998, "Representing Communities: Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural Resource Management," Society and Natural Resources 11(2):157-169.
Bryant, R.L., 1992, "Political Ecology: An Emerging Research Agenda in Third World Studies," Political Geography 11(1):12-36.
Budowski, Gerardo, 1976, "Why Save Tropical Forests? Some Arguments from Campaigning Conservationists," Amazoniana 5(4):529-538.
Chazdon, R.L., 1998, "Tropical Forests--- Log 'em or leave 'em?," Science 281:1295-1296.
Clarke, Gerard, 2001, "From Ethnocide to Ethnodevelopment? Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in Southeast Asia," Third World Quarterly 22(3):413-436.
Clay, Jason, 1991, "Cultural Survival and Conservation: Lessons from the Past Twenty Years," in Biodiversity: Culture, Conservation, and Ecodevelopment, Margery L. Oldfield and Janis B. Alcorn, eds., Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 248-273.
_____, 1994, "Resource Wars: Nation and State Conflicts of the Twentieth Century," in Who Pays the Price?, Barbara Rose Johnston, ed., Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 19-30.
Conklin, Beth, 1997, "Body Paint, Feathers, and VCRs: Aesthetics and Authenticity in Amazonian Activism," American Ethnologist 24(4):711-737.
Conklin, Beth A., and Laura Graham, 1995, "The Shifting Middle Ground: Amazonian Indians and Ecopolitics," American Anthropologist 97(4):695-710.
Dove, Michael, 1983, "Theories of Swidden Agriculture and the Political Economy of Ignorance," Agroforestry Systems 1:85-99.
_____, 1993, "A Revisionist View of Tropical Deforestation and Development," Environmental Conservation 20(1):17-24, 56.
Durham, William H., 1995, "Political Ecology and Environmental Destruction in Latin America," in The Social Causes of Environmental Destruction in Latin America, M. Painter and W.H. Durham, eds., Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 249-264.
Ervin, Alexander M., 2000, "Some Recent Trends in the Application of Environmental Anthropology," Applied Anthropology, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, pp. 112-122.
Escobar, Arturo, 1998, "Constructing Nature: Elements for a Poststructural Political Ecology," in Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, and Social Movements, R. Peet and M. Watts, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 46-68.
_____, 1999, "After Nature: Steps to an Anti-essentialist Political Ecology," Current Anthropology 40(1):1-30.
Gonzalez, Nicanor, 1992, "We Are Not Conservationists," Cultural Survival Quarterly 16(3):43-45.
Goodland, R., 1955, "The Concept of Environmental Sustainability," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26:1-24.
Greenberg, J.B., and T.K. Park, 1994, "Political Ecology," Journal of Political Ecology 1:1-12.
Guha, Ramachandra, 1989, "Radical Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique," Environmental Ethics 11:71-80.
_____, 1997, "The Authoritarian Biologist and the Arrogance of Anti-Humanism: Wildlife Conservation in the Third World," The Ecologist 27:14-20.
Hardin, Garrett, 1960, "The Competitive Exclusion Principle," Science 131:1291-1297.
_____, 1968, "The Tragedy of the Commons," Science 284:278.
Hitchcock, Robert K., 1994, "International Human Rights, the Environment, and Indigenous Peoples," Colorado Journal of International Law and Policy 5(1):1-22.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas, et al., 1993, "Environmental
Change and Violent Conflict," Scientific American
268(2):38-45.
Hunn, Eugene, 1999, "Ethnobiology in Court: The Paradoxes of Relativism, Authenticity, and Advocacy," in Ethnoecology: Knowledge, Resources and Rights, T.L. Gragson and B.G. Blount, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, pp. 1-11.
Hvalkof, Soren, and Arturo Escobar, 1998. "Nature, Political Ecology, and Social Problems: Toward an Academic and Political Agenda," Building a New Biocultural Synthesis: Political-Economic Perspectives on Human Biology, Alan H. Goodman and Thomas L. Leatherman, eds. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, pp. 425-450.
Johnston, Barbara Rose, 1995. "Human Rights and the Environment," Human Ecology 23:111-123.
Kalipeni, Ezekiel, and Joseph Oppong, 1998, "The Refugee Crisis in Africa and Its Implications for Health and Disease: A Political Ecology Approach," Social Science and Medicine 46(12):1637-1653.
Kaplan, R.D., 1994, "The Coming Anarchy," Atlantic Monthly 273(2):44-76.
Kim, K.C., 1997, "Preserving Biodiversity in Korea's Demilitarized Zone," Science 278:242-243.
Klare, Michael T., 2001 (May-June), "The New Geography of Conflict," Foreign Affairs 80(3):49-61.
Kottak, Conrad, and Elizabeth Colson, 1994, "Multilevel Linkages: Longitudinal and Comparative Studies," Assessing Cultural Anthropology, Robert Borofsky, ed., New York, NY: McGraw Hill, pp. 396-411.
Laurence, W.F., 1998, "A Crisis in the Making: Responses of Amazonian Forests to Land Use and Climate Change," Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:411-415.
Lohmann, Larry, 1991, "Who Defends Biodiversity?," The Ecologist 21(1):5-13.
_____, 1993, "Green Orientalism," The Ecologist 23(6):202-204.
Lubchenko, J., 1998, "Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social Contract for Science," Science 279:491-497.
McCay, Bonnie, 1981, "Optimal Foragers or Political Actors? EcologicalAnalyses of a New Jersey Fisherry," American Ethnologist 8(2):356-382.
McNeely, Jeffrey A., Kenton R. Miller, Walter V. Reid, Russell A. Mittermeier, and Timothy B. Werner, 1990, "Strategies for Conserving Biodiversity," Environment 32(2):16-20, 36-40.
Messer, Ellen, 1993, "Anthropology and Human Rights," Annual Review of Anthropology 17:365-390.
Murray, Martyn G., 1990, "Conservation of Tropical Rain Forests: Arguments, Beliefs, and Convictions," Biological Conservation 52:17-26.
Neumann, R.P., 1992, "The Political Ecology of Wildlife Conservation in Meru National Park, Tanzania," Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 3:85-98.
Nichol, J.W., and E. Viola, 1994, "Integrating Environmentalism and Human Rights," Environmental Ethics 16(3):265-273.
Nietschmann, Bernard, 1987, "The Third World War," Cultural Survival Quarterly 11(3):1-15.
Nygren, A., 2000, "Development Discourses and Peasant Forest Relations: Natural Resource Utilization as a Social Process," Development and Change 31(1):11-34.
O'Connor, J., 1988. "Capitalism, Nature and Socialism: A Theoretical Introduction," Capitalism, Nature and Socialism 1:11-38.
Orlove, Benjamin S., and Stephen B. Brush, 1996, "Anthropology and the Conservation of Biodiversity," Annual Review of Anthropology 25:329-352.
Osborne, P.L., "Biological and Cultural Diversity in Papua New Guinea: Conservation, Conflicts, Constraints and Compromise," Ambio 24(4):231-237.
Ostrom, E., J. Burger, C.B. Field, R.B. Norgaard, and D. Policansky, 1999, "Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, GLobal Challenges," Science 284(5412):278-282.
Parker, E., 1992, "Forest Islands and Kayapo Resource Management in Amazonia: A Reappraisal of Apete," American Anthropologist 94:406-428.
Peluso, Nancy, 1993, "Coercing Conservation: The Politics of State Resource Control," in The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics, R. Lipschutz and K. Conca. eds., New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 46-70.
Posey, Darrell A., 1985, "Indigenous Management of Tropical Forest Ecosystems," Agroforestry Systems 3:139-158.
_____, 1992, "Reply to Parker," American Anthropologist 94:406-428.
_____, 1996, "Protecting Indigenous Peoples' Rights to Biodiversity," Environment 38(8):7-9, 37-45.
Rambo, A. Terry, 1997, "The Fallacy of Global Sustainable Development," East-West Center AsiaPacific Issues No. 30.
Rappaport, Roy A., 1993, "The Anthropology of Trouble," American Anthropologist 95:295-303.
Repetto, R., 1990, "Deforestation in the Tropics," Scientific American 262(4):36-42.
Rudel, T., and J. Roper, 1997, "The Paths to Rainforest Destruction: Cross-National Patterns of Tropical Deforestation, 1975-1990," World Development 25(1):53-65.
Sanderson, S., and K.H. Redford, 1997, "Biodiversity Politics and the Contest for Ownership of the World's Biota," in Last Stand: Protected Areas and the Defense of Tropical Biodiversity, R. Kramer, C. von Schaik, and J. Johnson, eds., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 115-132.
Sharachandra, L., 1991, "Sustainable Development: A Critical Review," World Development 19(6):607-621.
Sillitoe, P., 1998, "The Development of Indigenous Knowledge: A New Applied Anthropology," Current Anthropology 39(2):223-252.
Simon, D., 1989, "Sustainable Development: Theoretical Construct or Sustainable Goal," Environmental Conservation 16(1):41-48.
Smith, Eric Alden, and Mark Wishnie, 2000, "Conservation and Subsistence in Small-Scale Societies," Annual Review of Anthropology 29:493-524.
Sponsel, Leslie E., Robert C. Bailey, and Thomas N. Headland, 1996, "Anthropological Perspectives on the Causes, Consequences, and Solutions of Deforestation," in Tropical Deforestation: The Human Dimension, L.E.Sponsel, T.N. Headland, and R.C. Bailey, eds., New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 3-52.
Stearman, Allyn M., 1994, "Only Slaves Climb Tress--- Revisiting the Myth of the Ecologically Noble Savage in Amazonia," Human Nature 5(4):339-357.
Sunderlin, W.D., 1995, "Managerialism and the Conceptual Limits of Sustainable Development," Society and Natural Resources 8:481-492.
Taylor, Peter, and Frederick Buttel, 1992, "How Do We Know We Have Global Environmental Problems? Science and the Globalization of Environmental Discourse," Geoforum 23(3):405-416.
Tole, L., 1998, "Sources of Deforestation in Tropical Developing Countries," Environmental Management 22(1):19-33.
Vayda, Andrew P., 1990, "Actions, Variations, and Change: The Emerging Anti-Essentialist View in Anthropology," Canberra Anthropology 13(2):29-45.
Walters, B.B., and Andrew P. Vayda, 1999, "Against Political Ecology," Human Ecology 27(1):167-179.
Wilcox, B.A., and K.N. Dubin, 1995, "Indigenous Cultural and Biological Diversity: Overlapping Values of Latin American Ecoregions," Cultural Survival Quarterly 18(4):49-53.
Wilkie, D.S., J.G. Sidle, and G.C. Boundzanga, 1992, "Mechanized Logging, Market Hunting, and a Bank Loan in Congo," Conservation Biology 6:570-580.
Wolf, Eric, 1972, "Ownership and Political Ecology," Anthropological Quarterly 45:201-205.
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CASE STUDY
YANOMAMI, GOLD MINING, AND MERCURY POLLUTION IN THE AMAZON
VIDEOS
Amazon Journal 15243
Black Harvest 7458
Contact: Yanomami Indians of Brazil 4962
First Contact (Papua New Guinea) 4387
Joe Leahy's Neighbors 2285
Jungle 441
Sky Chief (Ecuador) 13744
Yanomami of the Orinoco (Venezuela) 6864
WEBSTITES
Project Underground
http://www.moles.org
Pro-Yanomami Commission
http://www.proyanomami.org.br
"Chagnon Scandal" Clearing House
http://members.aol.com/archaeodog/index.htm
BOOKS
Albert, Bruce, and Gale Goodwin Gomez, 1997, Saude Yanomami: Um Manual Etnolinguistico, Belem-Para, Brazil: Museu Goeldi.
Andujar, Claudia, nd., Yanomami, Sao Paulo, Brazil: DBA.
Berwick, Dennison, 1992, Savages: The Life and Killing of the Yanomami, London, UK: Hutchinson.
Bodley, John H., 1999, Victims of Progress, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.
Cleary, David, 1991, Anatomy of the Amazon Gold Rush, Iowa City, IO: University of Iowa Press.
Colchester, Marcus, ed., 1985, The Health and Survival of the Venezuelan Yanoama, Copenhagen, Denmark: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs Document No. 53.
Coronil, Fernando, The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Davis, Shelton H., 1977, Victims of the Miracle: Development and the Indians of Brazil, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Early, John D., and John F. Peters, 1990, The Population Dynamics of the Mucajai Yanomama, New York, NY: Academic Press.
Early, John D., and John F. Peters, 2000, The Xilixana Yanommai of the Amazon: History, Social Structure, and Population Dynamics, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
Gheerbrandt, Alain, 1992, The Amazon: Past, Present and Future, New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
Hecht, Susanna B., and Alexander Cockburn, 1989, The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon, New York, NY: Verso.
Hemming, John, 1978, Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians 1500-1760, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kimerling, Judith, 1991, Amazon Crude, Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Defense Council.
Lizot, Jacques, 1985, Tales of the Yanomami: Daily Life in the Venezuelan Forest, New York: Cambridge University Press.
MacMillan, Gordon, 1994, At the End of the Rainbow?: Gold, Land and People in the Brazilian Amazon, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
O-Connor, Geoffrey, 1997, Amazon Journal: Dispatches from a Vanishing Frontier, New York, NY: Dutton.
Peters, John F., 1998, Life Among the Yanomami: The Story of Change Among the Xilixana on the Mucajai River in Brazil, Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press.
Rabben, Linda, 1998, Unnatural Selection: The Yanomami, the Kayapo and the Onslaught of Civilization, Seattl;e, WA: University of Washington Press.
Ramos, Alcida Rita, 1995, Sanuma Memories: Yanomami Ethnography in Times of Crisis, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
_____, 1998, Indigenism: Ethnic Politics in Brazil, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
_____, and Kenneth I. Taylor, 1979, The Yanomami in Brazil 1979, Copenhagen, Denmark: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
Rocha, Jan, 1999, Murder in the Rain Forest: The Yanomami, the Gold Miners and the Amazon, London, UK: Latin American Bureau.
Smole, William J., 1976, The Yanoama Indians: A Cultural Geography, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Sponsel, Leslie E., ed., 1995, Indigenous Peoples & the Future of Amazonia: An Ecological Anthropology of an Endangered World, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Stone, Roger D., 1993, Dreams of Amazonia, New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Tierney, Patrick, 2000, Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon, New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Wilson, David J., 1999, Indigenous South Americans of the Past and Present, Boulder CO: Westview Press.
ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Arvelo-Jimenez, Nelly, 1995, "The Ye'kuana Self-Demarcation Process," Cultural Survival Quarterly 18(4):40-42.
Lamb, F.B., 1987, "The Role of Anthropology in Tropical Forest Ecosystems Research, Management, and Development," The Journal of Developing Areas 21:429-458.
Saleem, Ali, and Larissa Behrendt, eds., 2001, "Mining Indigenous Lands: Can Impacts and Benefits Be Reconciled?," Cultural Survival Quarterly 25(1).
Sponsel, L.E, 1992, "Information Asymmetry and the Democratization of Anthropology," Human Organization 51(3):299-301.
_____, 1994 "The Yanomamo Holocaust Continues," in Who Pays the Price? Examining the Sociocultural Context of the Environmental Crisis, Barbara R. Johnston, ed., Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 37-46.
_____, 1995, "Relationships Among the World System, Indigenous Peoples, and Ecological Anthropology," in Indigenous Peoples and the Future of Amazonia: An Ecological Anthropology of an Endangered World, Leslie E. Sponsel, ed., Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 263-293.
_____, 1996, "Human Rights and Advocacy Anthropology," in The Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, 2:602-607.
_____, 1997 "The Master Thief: Gold Mining and Mercury Contamination in the Amazon," in Life and Death Matters: Human Rights and the Environment at the End of the Millennium, Barbara Rose Johnston, ed., Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, pp. 99-127.
_____, 1998, "Yanomami: An Arena of Conflict and Aggression in the Amazon," Aggressive Behavior 24(2):97-122.
_____, 2001, "Advocacy in Anthropology," in International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavior Sciences, Anthropology, Ulf Hannerz, ed., New York, NY: Pergamon Press, vol. , pp. - (in press).
Sponsel, L.E., Robert C. Bailey and Thomas N. Headland, 1996, "Anthropological Perspectives on the Causes, Consequences, and Solutions of Deforestation," in Tropical Deforestation: The Human Dimension, Leslie E. Sponsel, Thomas N. Headland, and Robert C. Bailey, eds., New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 3-52.
Wright, Robin, 1988, "Anthropological Presuppositions of Indigenous Advocacy," Annual Review of Anthropology 17:365-390.
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6. HISTORICAL ECOLOGY
Historical ecology is the transdisciplinary study of how human societies and the "natural" environment interact and transform each other through time.
Closely related is Prehistoric ecology studies past human-environment interactions through time based on data from archaeology, paleontology, palynology, geomorphology, and other sources. (It is synonymous with paleoecology and overlaps with geoarchaeology).
VIDEOS
Earth on the Edge
Human Tide 13561
Paul Ehrlich and the Population Bomb 1469711
The Turtle People 8508
World Population 7718
WEBSITES
American Society for Environmental History
http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~environ
Anthropological Center for Training and Research on Global Environmental Change
http://www.indiana.edu/~act
European Society for Environmental History
http://www.eseh.org
Forest History Society
http:/www.lib.duke.edu/forest/biblio.html
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
http://www.ipcc/ch
International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP)
http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/index.html
International Network of Forests and Communities
http://www.forestsandcommunities.org
Santa Fe Institute (Dynamics of Cultural Change: Towards a Unified Evolutionary Theory Modeling Framework)
http://www.santafe.edu/sfi/research/focus/economicSocial/
projects/culturalChange.html
United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change
http://www.unfccc.de
United Nations Secretariat of the Convention to Combat Desertification
http://www.unccd.int/main/php
JOURNALS
American Antiquity E51 .A52
American Journal of Archaeology CC1 .A6 ser. 2
Antiquity
Archaeology GN700 .A725
Environment and History
Environmental History GE 1 .E585
Environmental History Review HM206 .E58
Forest and Conservation History SD140 .F6
Ethnohistory E51 .E8
Geoarchaeology CC77.5 .G46
Global Change Biology
Historical Archaeology GN700 .H57
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology CC79 .E85 J68
Journal of Archaeological Science CC1 .J68
Journal of World Prehistory GN700 .J68
Palaeobotanist QE901 .P3
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology QE501 .A1 P3
Paleobiology QE701 .P17
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology QE993 .R4
World Archaeology CC12 .W67
BOOKS
Balee, William, 1994, Footprints of the Forest: Ka'apor Ethnobotany--- The Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an Amazonian People, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
_____, ed., 1998. Advances in Historical Ecology. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Bilsky, Lester J., 1980. Historical Ecology: Essays on Environment and Social Change. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
Boaz, Noel T., 1997, Eco Homo: How the Human Being Emerged from the Cataclysmic History of the Earth, New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowler, Peter J., 1992, The Earth Encompassed: A History of Environmental Science, New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Butzer, Karl W., 1971, Environment and Archaeology: An Ecological Approach to Prehistory, Chicago, IL: Aldine Atherton.
_____, 1982, Archaeology as Human Ecology, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Callicott, J. Baird, 1989, “American Indian Land Wisdom? Sorting Out the Issues,” in his In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 203-219.
Campbell, Bernard, 1985. Human Ecology: The Story of Our Place in Nature from Prehistory to the Present. New York, NY: Aldine.
Chisholm, Anne, 1972, Philosophers of the Earth: Conversations with Ecologists, New York, NY: E.P. Dutton and Co., Inc.
Clay, Jason W., 1988, Indigenous Peoples and Tropical Forests: Models of Land Use and Management from Latin America, Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival, Inc.
Coates, Peter, 1998. Nature: Western Attitudes Since Ancient Times, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Cronon, William, 1983, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, New York, NY: Hill and Wang.
_____, ed., 1996, Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Crosby, Alfred W., 1972, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press.
_____, 1990, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Crumley, Carole, ed., 1994. Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research.
Culliney, John, 1988, Islands in a Far Sea: Nature and Man in Hawaii, San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
Dincauze, Dena F., 2000, Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Dorman, Robert L., 1998, A Word for Nature: Four Pioneering Environmental Advocates, 1845-1913, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Durning, A.T., 1992, Guardians of the Land: Indigenous Peoples and the Health of the Earth, Washington, D.C.: WorldWatch Paper No. 112.
Evans, John G., 1978, An Introduction to Environmental Archaeology, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Glacken, Clarence J., 1967. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Goudie, A., 1993, The Human Impact on the Natural Environment, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Goudsblom, Johan, 1992, Fire and Civilization, New York, NY: Penguin Press.
Grove, Richard H., 1995, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and he Origin of Environmentalism, 1600-1860, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
_____, 1997, Ecology, Climate, and Empire: Colonialism and Global Environmental History, 1400-1940, Cambridge, UK: Whitehorse Press.
_____, Vinita Damodaran, and Satpal Sangwan, eds., 1998, Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia, Delhi, India: Oxford University press.
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CASE STUDY
THE ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION IN THAILAND
FROM PREHISTORY TO THE PRESENT
McNeely, Jeffrey A., and Robert J. Dobias, 1991, "Economic Incentives for Conserving Biodiversity in Thailand," Ambio 20(2):86-90.
Pelzer, Karl, 1968, "Man's Role in Changing the Landscape of Southeast Asia," Journal of Asian Studies 27:269-279.
Phantumvanit, Dhira, and Khunying Suthawan Sathirathai, 1988, "Thailand: Degradation and Development in a Resource-Rich Land," Environment 30(1):11-32.
Sponsel, L.E., 1998, "The Historical Ecology of Thailand: Increasing Thresholds of Human Environmental Impact from Prehistory to the Present," in Advances in Historical Ecology, William Balee, ed. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 376-404.
Thapa, Gopal B., and Karl E. Weber, 1990, "Actors and Factors of Deforestation in Tropical Asia," Environmental Conservation 17(1):19-27.
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Appendix
1. CULTURAL MATERIALISM
Friedman, Joanthan, 1974, "Marxism, Structuralism, and Vulgar Materialism," Man 9(3):444-469.
Harris, Marvin, 1966, "The Cultural Ecology of India's Sacred Cattle," Current Anthropology 7:51-66.
_____, 1968. The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture. New York, NY: Crowell.
_____, 1974, Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture, New York, NY: Random House.
_____, 1976. "History and Significance of the Emic/Etic Distinction," Annual Review of Anthropology 5:329-350.
_____, 1977, Cannibals and Kings: The Origins of Culture, New York, NY: Random House.
_____, 1979. Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of ulture. New York, NY: Random House.
_____, 1985. Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
_____, 1987. "Cultural Materialism: Alarums and Excursions," Waymarks, Kenneth Moore, ed., Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, pp. 107-126.
_____, 1994. "Cultural Materialism Is Alive and Well and Won't Go Away Until Something Better Comes Along," Assessing Cultural Anthropology, Robert Borofsky, ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, pp. 62-76.
_____, 1996. "Cultural Materialism," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co., 1:277-281.
_____, 1999, Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
_____, and Eric Ross, eds., 19987, Food and Evolution: Towards a Theory of Human Food Habits, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
_____, and Eric Ross, eds., 1987, Death, Sex, and Fertility: Population Regulation in Pre-Industrial and Developing Societies, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Headland, Thomas N., Kenneth Pike, and Marvin Harris, eds., 1990. Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Johnson, Allen, 1995, "Explanation and Ground Truth: The Place of Cultural Materialism in Scientific Anthropology," Science, Materialism, and the Study of Culture, Martin F. Murphy and Maxine L. Margolis, eds., Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, pp. 1-4.
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_____, 1996. "Scientific Anthropology," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co. 4:1141-1148.
_____, 1996. "Emic/Etic Distinctions," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levnson and Melvin Ember, eds., 2:382-383.
Margolis, Maxine, and Martin Murphy, eds., 1995. Science, Materialism, and the Study of Culture. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
Price, Barbara J., 1982, "Cultural Materialism: A Theoretical Review," American Antiquity 47(4):709-741.
Ross, Eric, ed., 1980. Beyond the Myths of Culture: Essays in Cultural Materialism. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Sanderson, Stephen K., 1997, "Marvin Harris (1927- )," The Dictionary of Anthropology, Thomas Barfield, ed., Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 232-233.
Vayda, Andrew P., 1987, "Explaning What People Eat: A Review Article [Good to Eat by Marvin Harris]," Human Ecology 15(4):493-509.
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