Report 1
Annotated Bibliography:
Customizing My Emotional Spin Cycle
409a
Spring 2005
Dr. Leon James, Instructor

Link to instructions:
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy16/g16report1.htm

Source 1: Behavioral routines
TELEVISION ADVERTISING LEADS TO UNHEALTHY HABITS IN CHILDREN; SAYS APA TASK FORCE
Research Says That Children Are Unable To Critically Interpret Advertising Messages

Summary:
There is no question about media influences on American culture. Television has always played a key role in the developmental patterns of children in the United States. Now commercials are also targeting socially and emotionally developing youngsters. When a child watches television commercials they are easily susseptible and prone to advertisements’ claims. This directly influences children in their daily eating habits, potential violence in video game advertisements, parent-child conflict and alcoholic drinking habits.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
Watching television on a daily basis is a part of the average American’s lifestyle, especially children who are blessed with more free time. Media influences a child’s development by encouraging or discouraging certain behaviors, advertisements influence what a child may consume. Consciously a child may desire McDonalds, unconsciously this desire stems from watching commercials. Similar children are often see enjoying the pleasures of a Happy Meal, these actors serve as models for the viewing child. Limiting television watching is a parent’s job, and that is the only way to decrease a potentially dangerous behavior.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/childrenads.html
Research shows that children under the age of eight are unable to critically comprehend televised advertising messages and are prone to accept advertiser messages as truthful, accurate and unbiased. This can lead to unhealthy eating habits as evidenced by today’s youth obesity epidemic. For these reasons, a task force of the American Psychological Association (APA) is recommending that advertising targeting children under the age of eight be restricted.

Source 2: Behavioral routines
CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO MEDIA VIOLENCE PREDICTS YOUNG ADULT AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, ACCORDING TO A NEW 15-YEAR STUDY
Children who Identify with Aggressive TV Characters and Perceive the Violence to be Realistic are Most at Risk for Later Aggression

Summary:
A longitudinal study concerning television violence as a predictor for adult aggression stands by its hypothesis. It has always been thought that media violence and aggression are correlated, this study adds more data to that theory. Children who had watched violent television are found to be more aggressive adults. The researchers followed both men and women from different socioeconomic groups who had viewed similar television shows throughout early childhood.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
If a child is exposed to violence throughout one’s life, they will be conditioned to model this aggressive behavior in adulthood. If a child learns to deal with media violence by discussing issues with compassionate and understanding adults or caregivers, the child will unlearn this aggressive behavior. Our society determines the level of violence permitted on television, parents determine whether this material is appropriate for young children and the child determines whether the material will someday effect their personality and relationships. This waterfall effect is unknown to the child.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/media_violence.html
Children's viewing of violent TV shows, their identification with aggressive same-sex TV characters, and their perceptions that TV violence is realistic are all linked to later aggression as young adults, for both males and females.

Source 3: Behavioral routines
ADHD MAY BE MODERATED BY MOM'S LOVE, STUDY FINDS

Summary:
It turns out a mother’s love is especially vital for children with the behavioral disorder Attention Deficient Hyperactive Disorder. The theory of why this might be true encouraged researchers to examine overall maternal warmth and attentional deficit behaviors of children. The data seems to favor mothers who praise their children and are overall warmer caregivers.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
Any child that is ignored will typically not adapt well to societies’ norms. This is especially true for children who have the trait ADHD. Often teachers or parents will tell their child they cannot sit still so they must have ADHD, the child will then react by failing to sit still in all situations. The child will become conditioned to believe they are incapable of paying attention. When a parent of a child who is diagnosed with ADHD encourages and praises their child the behavior may become extinguished. This is because the child see someone believes in them and hopes the best for their future.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/monitor/may04/adhd.html
"We also reasoned from other studies that warmth is a good indicator of a parent's overall investment in child-rearing, so it might be a factor that could prevent hyperactivity and intellectual deficits in at-risk children, such as those with low birth weight," she adds.

Source 4: Behavioral routines
BASED ON THE RESEARCH, COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION IS MORE EFFECTIVE AT STOPPING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION, SAYS APA COMMITTEE
Research Shows That Abstinence-Only Programs Have Limited Effectiveness And Unintended Consequences

Summary:
According to recent research teaching abstinence in schools does not actually prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDs. The most effective method of early prevention among young adults and teenagers is education. Schools should teach students about safe sex as the most effective method for prevention. Abstinence seem to slightly prolong sexual activity but do not teach the importance of condom use during sexual relations.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
It is societies moral responsibility to educate young adults about the risks of unprotected sex. Denying human nature is going to potentially harm. Every one is likely have sex at some point in one’s life. Without the proper education one will not be prepared with the tools to have safe sex. Abstinence programs have a good idea, but it seems illogical and will potentially do more harm than good.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/sexeducation.html
Many of these new infections occur because young people do not have the knowledge or skills to protect themselves. While current Federal policy actively supports widespread implementation of abstinence-only education programs as a way to prevent HIV transmission, there is little scientific evidence that these programs work

Source 5: Behavioral routines
ADOLESCENTS' PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE OF RELIGION FOUND TO LESSEN THEIR DRUG USE
Especially When Facing Life Hardships

Summary:
Research shows during difficult times teenagers who turn to their faith are less likely to abuse cigarettes, alcohol or marijuana. This is possible because religion serves are a “buffer” to adverse circumstances surrounding a teen’s life. Religion positively influences a person’s life and values. Being involved in a religious organization allows teens the opportunity to surround them self with other positive people who abstain from abusive behaviors.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
One of the most adaptive methods of behavior change is turning to a higher power. When one is feeling depressed, and possibly contemplating the use of illicit or legal drugs to overcome adverse emotions, turning to a higher power seems to uplift without bodily harm. American society should encourage the presence of God, not deny God’s presence in the world. Perhaps the rate of teen drug and alcohol abuse would plummet if the concept of God was encouraged.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/teen_religiosity.html
When adolescents perceive religion as important in their lives, it may lower rates of cigarette smoking, heavy drinking and marijuana use, according to a study that tracked urban adolescents from middle school through high school.

Source 6: Cognitive scripts
ABILITIES REQUIRED FOR SUCCESS IN SCHOOL DON’T DIFFER GREATLY FROM THOSE REQUIRED IN THE REAL WORLD
General Cognitive Ability is Related to Success in Multiple Domains, According to Research Review

Summary:
The MAT is a test administered to prospective graduate students and employees interested in advancing their position in companies. According to research these two scores are correlated in terms of overall intelligence, including sciences, literature, the arts, history, vocabulary, productivity, creativity and job performance. This means there is overall similar cognitive abilities both academically and in careers.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
There is a certain pattern one tends to fall into as life progresses, either one advances academically or in a career. How one achieves in either of these domains seems to be similar, the abilities required for both are parallel. One may feel motivated to succeed in a career because of their previous scholastically competence.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/psp861148.pdf.
Intelligence in the workplace is not that different from intelligence at school. The researchers found that the MAT was valid for predicting performance in both academic and work environments, providing direct evidence that g is related to success in multiple domains. The MAT was found to be a valid predictor of several aspects of graduate student performance as well as measures of job performance

Source 7: Cognitive Scripts
PLAYING MAKE-BELIEVE PREPARES KIDS FOR THE REAL WORLD
"No playing until you've finished your homework!" We've all heard that before. New research suggests, though, that imaginative play actually increases children's academic success.

Summary:
Children who are encouraged to play pretend show trends for more adaptive behaviors in school. Likewise, caretakers who are involved in these playtime activities show more
positive trends towards developmental success, verses uninvolved caretakers or children who do not participate in imaginary play.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
Children naturally play games based on fictional imagery. Most children do not need to be encouraged to participate in these activities. Children that do play feel more comfortable with their primary caretaker and in their living environment, therefore a child’s self esteem will be higher and predict better academic success. A child may feel motivated to do better because of imaginary play.

Original sample:
http://www.psychologymatters.org/singer.html
Kids naturally like to play make-believe. Studies have now shown how imaginative playing may be used to prepare kids for school.

Source 8: Cognitive scripts
CONDITIONED TO ADDICTION?
A study finds that people will start taking a drug when it's paired with money, even if they've previously shunned the drug. The finding may help explain why some people initiate drug use.

Summary:
Recent implications concerning drug abuse as a conditioned stimulus has made developments in the field of addiction psychology. Research shows participates were more likely to continue taking a drug when a reward was offered, either for a Valim-like pill or a placebo. The reinforcement of having money in ones pocket was enough for participates to take either pill. These findings influence a variety of developing research in the field, a recent theory is individuals take drugs because they are reinforced to do so. Knowing this may help with preventative measures.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
Habitual behaviors are reinforced externally or internally. People participate in activities that make them physically, mentally, socially or financially feel better. If one can change reinforcement patterns with alternate stimuli, addiction and experimentation might be less likely.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/addiction.html
"People may be more likely to continue taking a drug once it's paired with a positive experience, even if the first encounter with the drug is unpleasant."John Roll. The study "nicely remind[s] us that drug ingestion by humans takes place in a rich and dynamic environment that provides many different opportunities for learning," writes University of Vermont psychopharmacologist Mark Bouton, Ph.D..

Source 9: Cognitive scripts
OPEN UP! WRITING ABOUT TRAUMA REDUCES STRESS, AIDS IMMUNITY
Writing about difficult, even traumatic, experiences appears to be good for health on several levels – raising immunity and other health measures and improving life functioning.

Summary:
Recent research proves the benefit to journal writing as a method of venting or disclosure of uncomfortable experiences. Participates were asked to write about their feelings about being laid off. Group one wrote about their experiences and feelings, group two wrote about plans for the day and job searching activities and group three wrote nothing. Group one was the first of the three to move onto a new career. This is one of three research examples in the article. All three provide examples of why writing is an excellent outlet for people who have experienced something traumatic and need to recover through expression of emotion.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
Changing one’s pattern of being without a job requires immense tenacity. One must heal past wounds and feeling all right with the self. By writing about emotions individuals have the opportunity to start fresh, ridding themselves of the burdens of the past and feelings of anxiety concerning traumatic events.

Original sample:
http://www.psychologymatters.org/pennebaker.html
Deep disclosure improves mood, objective and subjective health, and the ability to function well.

Source 10: Cognitive scripts
PERSONALITY IS NOT SET BY 30; IT CAN CHANGE THROUGHOUT LIFE, SAY RESEARCHERS
As We Get Older, We Care More About Work and People We Know; Women Become More Emotionally Stable and Self-Assured

Summary:
There is hope for those of us who feel our personalities are in need of reevaluation. It turns out as we age our personalities can change for the better. For example, we become more kind, generous, open, organized, planful, and helpful. Women tend to become less neurotic and men show no change in levels of anxiety. Both men and women tend to become less extroverted with age, perhaps this is due to starting a family and socially exploring less.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
Perhaps this knowledge should be encouraged through out every individual’s life. This would allow one to prepare them self for a more adaptive lifestyle later in life. If one does not like who they are as a person, knowing personality is changeable might encourage them to change their behavior or cognition's. Thinking something is genetically predetermined and unchangeable would deter a person from thinking change is possible.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/personality.html
Do peoples' personalities change after 30? They can, according to researchers who examined 132,515 adults age 21-60 on the personality traits known as the "Big Five": conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness and extraversion.

Cognitive appraisal

Source 11: Cognitive appraisal
PSYCHOLOGISTS SEARCH FOR SCREENING METHOD TO HELP DECIDE WHEN EARLY-ALZHEIMER’S PATIENTS SHOULD STOP DRIVING
Meta-analysis of 27 studies showed caregiver reports may be unreliable; visuospatial tests were the best predictors of driving skill

Summary:
A recent neuropsychological test examines elderly patients with slightly developing dementia and their driving abilities. This screening method is an emerging test to predict the abilities of drivers who may be harmful to others and themselves if they were to get behind the wheel. The test would be administered by a patients regular clinician and the results would determine whither the clinician believes the patient is a danger on the road. This test is objective in that it considers an elderly individuals’ independence, and privacy.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
If an individual cannot function behind the wheel of a car they should not drive. This assessment will test an individuals attention to driving matters, and if need be licenses will be revoked. This action will save the person from potentially harming them self or others on the road.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/alzheimersdriver.html
When cognitive skills start fading, how do we know when it’s time to stop driving? Although there is some consensus that individuals with moderate to severe dementia should not drive, it has been much harder to screen people with mild dementia, the earliest stage of the mental deterioration typical of Alzheimer’s disease. Honing in on specific aspects of an individual’s neuropsychological functioning could help clinicians and government agencies develop the right tools to keep drivers – and everyone else on the road – safe.

Source 12: Cognitive appraisal
SCIENTISTS FIND MORE EFFICIENT WAY TO “UNLEARN” FEAR, WHICH COULD HELP IMPROVE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY
When mice encountered a stimulus they’d learned to fear, getting it in tight-knit clusters helped them relax quicker

Summary:
There has never been question of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for individuals with anxiety related disorders. These disorders are treated by exposure therapy; exposing a stimulus that produces fear or anxiety to the client. New research shows this paradigm may be most effective when the stimulus is exposed for longer duration's in the treatment of anxiety. Researchers found rats who were exposed to a negative stimulus, after learning fear for the stimulus, were most likely to unlearn this fear quicker than if the stimulus is spaced apart.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
The methods one uses to evaluate fears that produce anxiety can evolve to become an adaptive behavior. Learning to unlearn a fear is an emotionally mature step to becoming a more functional individual. It is a difficult task for clinicians to attempt to undo a conditioned fear, if exposure treatment is to be implemented, longer exposure is more effective than shorter sessions. This empirically valid treatment is usually successful in unlearning fear conditioning.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/conditionalfear.html
Neuroscientists compared different ways of exposing mice to a stimulus that they had learned to fear, and found that “massing” the feared stimulus -– delivering it in concentrated bursts, not pacing it with longer pauses in between -- was surprisingly efficient at helping to erase its impact.

Source 13: Cognitive appraisal
AS WE GET OLDER, MEMORY “ACCENTUATES THE POSITIVE,” HELPING EXPLAIN WHY AGING CAN FOSTER GOOD FEELINGS
Younger Adults Find it Harder to Filter Out Negative Images

Summary:
The older one is the more positive one may see the world, according to recent research. Researchers showed a series of positive, negative and neutral photos to elderly and young participates. The conclusion shows elderly are more likely to remember the positive photos as opposed to younger participates who remember the more negative. Perhaps this is because one is realizing the end is soon approaching and looking at life in a positive way is the most adaptive approach to conclude one’s time on earth.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
How one feels about life will directly influence the way one feels about the self and other humans on earth. If one thinks positive thoughts life will seem sweeter, people happier and more joy. Negative thoughts will encourage depressive tendencies, angry people and sorrow. It is especially important to recognize joy as one ages. Life does not seem to have slipped by without impact or influence, focusing on the negative would only cause one to feel incomplete and alone.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/xge1322310.pdf.
The memory bias favoring the recall of positive images increased in successively older age groups. Psychologists have recently documented the tendency of older people to regulate their emotions more effectively than younger people, by maintaining positive feelings and lowering negative feelings. As people get older and become more aware of more limited time left in life, they direct their attention to more positive thoughts, activities and memories.

Source 14: Cognitive appraisal
HAPPINESS AND SELF-ESTEEM: CAN ONE EXIST WITHOUT THE OTHER?
Study Finds that Only Optimism Relates to Both Happiness and Self-Esteem

Summary:
Local researchers find happiness and self esteem to be positively correlated. Data of elderly males find the ones with high self esteem to be happier individuals. Interestingly individuals with low self esteem but high levels of contentment were found to be more extroverted. This is related to humans as social animals. The survey asked individuals what they desired in life, a common response was to be around others.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
When one feels good about them self they feel as though they can conquer the world. This is a positive emotion. When one feels low self regard the tendency is to feel diminished, sad and depressed. One can change the way one feels about the self with practice. Once a person beings to feel pleased with the internal and external self, pleasure becomes a habit and will translate into the everyday.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/selfesteem_happy.html
Feeling optimistic and wanting to be around other people were the leading predictors for experiencing the most happiness in this older population, say the authors. Being in a good mood and feeling satisfied with life were also predictors of happiness.

Source 15: Cognitive appraisal
BEING BILINGUAL PROTECTS AGAINST SOME AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE CHANGES, SAYS NEW RESEARCH

Summary:
Bilingual is better! According to a recent study cognitive abilities diminish less as one ages if two languages are known. The ability of attenuating to a rapidly changing task is easier for those who are fluent in two languages. Bilingual respondents responded faster to a changing stimulus than monolingual respondents. This is believed to be due to the fact that the cognitive controls responsible for attenuating to changing tasks and language development are related.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
There are many benefits to speaking two languages. Now it seems there are internal cognitive advantages to bilingualism. This is even more reason to teach children a second language at a young age. According to the study bilingual respondents spoke a second language before the age of ten, but it is better to start than never make the attempt to learn a new language. The cognitive benefits are worth the effort.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/bilingual_aging.html
Being fluent in two languages seems to prevent some of the cognitive decline seen in same-age monolingual speaking persons, according to the findings of a study appearing in this month’s journal of Psychology and Aging. Abilities that depend on keeping one’s attention on a task (fluid intelligence) actually decline as people get older.

Source 16: Emotional intelligence
Do 'super masculine' husbands make for unhappy wives?

Summary:
Research proves an unsatisfactory marriage may be due to a husband clinging to traditional dominace roles. These roles include, but are not limited to, limiting emotional expression, restricting affection, drives for success and dominating power and control. A result of these negative attributes is an unhappy spouse, possible depressed and lower marital satisfaction. Similarly, super masculine husbands show a propensity towards depression, lower self-esteem, homophobia, fear of intimacy, anxiety, sexism, and reluctance to seek help.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
In a dominating marriage a husband makes the rules and a wife obeys his command. This relationship is emotionally immature and unsatisfactory for both partners. This type of inequality will prevent the couple from growing together through love, trust, equality and similarity. A husband who dominates his wife through traditional gender role taking prevents his wife from becoming the type of women she wants to be, limiting her potential and productivity.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct04/husbands.html
The self-report measures indicated a relationship between higher GRC, higher depressive symptoms and lower marital adjustment in husbands. The same pattern held for wives: the higher they rated their husbands on GRC, the higher they scored on depressive symptoms and the lower they scored on marital satisfaction.

Source 17: Emotional intelligence
MARITAL SATISFACTION AFFECTED BY BOTH SPOUSE’S MENTAL HEALTH, SAYS NEW STUDY
Depression rather than anxiety appears to disrupt the relationship more

Summary:
Research shows a partner who is experiencing depression may possibly negatively influence their relationship more dramatically then one who is experiencing anxiety. There are several implications of why this may be a factor. For example, a husband who is experiencing depression may respond negatively towards his wife, and his wife may feel more responsible for her husband’s sadness. This reaction will be very detrimental towards a productive relationship. A husband who is experiencing anxiety will not see his wife and his relationship negatively, only the way the way he expects harm towards himself. His wife will not feel rejected or blamed and thus their marriage will not be a drastically harmed.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
It is never appropriate to blame an individual for negatively effecting a marriage. When it comes to anxiety and depression a partner who is experiencing either of these maladaptive behaviors will impact his or hers relationship. An emotionally intelligent individual would do their best to avoid negatively impacting their marriage, even if this required time off or a vacation apart. More than anything a depressed person needs emotional support, a partner should be there no matter how upsetting the depression may seem.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/maritaldepress.html
New research examines why a person’s mental health is important for maintaining a satisfying marriage and how either partner can influence the other’s marital happiness.

Source 18: Emotional intelligence
HIGH HOSTILITY MAY PREDICT HEART DISEASE MORE THAN OTHER RISK FACTORS SUCH AS CHOLESTEROL AND SMOKING

Summary:
Data finds a correlation between hostile males and colonary heart disease. Researchers considered factors such a smoking, alcohol intake, and cholesterol (all predictors for colonary hear disease) and found hostility to rank among the these top three predictors for health problems. Possible reasons for this finding is hostility negatively effects the cardiovascular system, the nervous system or cardiovascular and endocrine-neuroendocrine responses to stress.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
Americans are conditioned to stress themselves out over every detail of one’s life. This stress can lead to hostile feelings towards people, events, environment and even oneself. This increasing rage will negatively impact a person’s outlook on life, and their body. An emotionally intelligent person will learn how to deal with life’s pressures, without resorting to hostile behavior. This is the most adaptive method of learning to cope with frustrating circumstances.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/hea216588.pdf
Hostility may predict heart disease more often than traditional coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors like high cholesterol, cigarette smoking and weight. "Furthermore, older men with the highest levels of hostility were at the greatest risk for developing CHD, independent of the effects of fasting insulin, BMI, WHR, triglcyride levels and blood pressure," said the authors.


Source 19: Emotional intelligence
REMEMBERING THE GOOD TIMES, PUTTING THE BAD TIMES IN PERSPECTIVE – HOW OUR MEMORY HELPS MAKE LIFE PLEASANT
Research Explains Why Most People Are Happy With Their Lives

Summary:
There is good news about human nature! Humans have a tendency to focus on positive memories, which influences a positive outlook on life. This seems to be because positive events and experiences tend to outnumber negative ones. Secondly, our memory systems seem to be evolved to preserve positive memories longer than negative ones. Researchers have coined the phase “minimization” which means returning to normal level of happiness by minimizing life’s unexpected hassles.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
Emotionally immature individuals have a tendency to focus on the life’s negative impacts. This causes a dramatic reduction in self esteem and overall happiness. The emotionally mature realize life does give lemons, these individuals simply make lemonade. It is all a matter of how one sees the self in the course of life, in the scope of the world, and as a part of humanity.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/gpr72203.pdf
Researchers reviewing several studies on autobiographical memory and happiness have found that human memory is biased toward happiness and that mild depression can disrupt this bias for good over bad. “This implies that there is a tendency to ‘deaden’ the emotional impact of negative events relative to the impact of positive events,” according Dr. Walker. “Such deadening occurs directly because people are motivated to view their life events in a relatively positive light.”

Source 20: Emotional intelligence
STRESS AND AGGRESSION REINFORCE EACH OTHER AT THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL, CREATING A VICIOUS CYCLE
In rats, stress hormones lower threshold for aggression and aggression raises stress hormones; data may lead help to break the cycle of violence

Summary:
A feedback loop of stress and aggression has been found in a laboratory experiment with rats. There is a positively correlated relationship between stimulating the hypothalamus which releases stress hormones and increases in levels of aggression. These findings are currently stimulating research involving drugs taken for prevention of violent outbursts with the onset of stress.

Relevance to Spin cycle:
It is best to remain calm in stressful situations. This is especially true for highly volatile individuals who have a tendency to lash out on others. An emotionally mature individual learns to remain peaceful or if stressed does not allow aggressive behavior to overcome.

Original sample:
http://www.apa.org/releases/feedbackcycle.html
Scientists may be learning why it’s so hard to stop the cycle of violence. The answer may lie in the nervous system. There appears to be a fast, mutual, positive feedback loop between stress hormones and a brain-based aggression-control center in rats, whose neurophysiology is similar to ours. It may explain why, under stress, humans are so quick to lash out and find it hard to cool down.

Source 1:
TELEVISION ADVERTISING LEADS TO UNHEALTHY HABITS IN CHILDREN; SAYS APA TASK FORCE
Research Says That Children Are Unable To Critically Interpret Advertising Messages
Dale Kunkel, Ph.D. and Brian Wilcox, Ph.D.
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/childrenads.html

Source 2:
CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO MEDIA VIOLENCE PREDICTS YOUNG ADULT AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, ACCORDING TO A NEW 15-YEAR STUDY
Children who Identify with Aggressive TV Characters and Perceive the Violence to be Realistic are Most at Risk for Later Aggression
L Rowell Huesmann, Ph.D.
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/media_violence.html

Source 3:
ADHD MAY BE MODERATED BY MOM'S LOVE, STUDY FINDS
K. Kerstein
Date accessed: February 18, 2005 
http://www.apa.org/monitor/may04/adhd.html

Source 4:
BASED ON THE RESEARCH, COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION IS MORE EFFECTIVE AT STOPPING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION, SAYS APA COMMITTEE
Research Shows That Abstinence-Only Programs Have Limited Effectiveness And Unintended Consequences
Mary Jane Rotheram, Ph.D.
Date accessed: February 22, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/sexeducation.html

Source 5:
ADOLESCENTS' PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE OF RELIGION FOUND TO LESSEN THEIR DRUG USE
Especially When Facing Life Hardships
Thomas Ashby Wills
Date accessed: February 22, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/teen_religiosity.html

Source 6:
ABILITIES REQUIRED FOR SUCCESS IN SCHOOL DON’T DIFFER GREATLY FROM THOSE REQUIRED IN THE REAL WORLD
General Cognitive Ability is Related to Success in Multiple Domains, According to Research Review
Nathan Kuncel, PhD
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/psp861148.pdf.

Source 7:
PLAYING MAKE-BELIEVE PREPARES KIDS FOR THE REAL WORLD
Singer DG and Singer JL
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.psychologymatters.org/singer.html

Source 8:
CONDITIONED TO ADDICTION?
A study finds that people will start taking a drug when it's paired with money, even if they've previously shunned the drug. The finding may help explain why some people initiate drug use.
Beth Azar
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/addiction.html

Source 9:
OPEN UP! WRITING ABOUT TRAUMA REDUCES STRESS, AIDS IMMUNITY
Writing about difficult, even traumatic, experiences appears to be good for health on several levels – raising immunity and other health measures and improving life functioning.
JW Pennebaker
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.psychologymatters.org/pennebaker.html

Source 10:
PERSONALITY IS NOT SET BY 30; IT CAN CHANGE THROUGHOUT LIFE, SAY RESEARCHERS
As We Get Older, We Care More About Work and People We Know; Women Become More Emotionally Stable and Self-Assured
Sanjay Srivastava, Ph.D., and Oliver P. John, Ph.D
Date accessed: February 22, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/personality.html

Source 11:
PSYCHOLOGISTS SEARCH FOR SCREENING METHOD TO HELP DECIDE WHEN EARLY-ALZHEIMER’S PATIENTS SHOULD STOP DRIVING
Meta-analysis of 27 studies showed caregiver reports may be unreliable; visuospatial tests were the best predictors of driving skill
Mark Reger
http://www.apa.org/releases/alzheimersdriver.html
Date accessed: February 22, 2005

Source 12:
SCIENTISTS FIND MORE EFFICIENT WAY TO “UNLEARN” FEAR, WHICH COULD HELP IMPROVE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY
When mice encountered a stimulus they’d learned to fear, getting it in tight-knit clusters helped them relax quicker
Mark Barad
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/conditionalfear.html

Source 13:
AS WE GET OLDER, MEMORY “ACCENTUATES THE POSITIVE,” HELPING EXPLAIN WHY AGING CAN FOSTER GOOD FEELINGS
Younger Adults Find it Harder to Filter Out Negative Images
Susan Turk Charles
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/xge1322310.pdf.

Source 14:
HAPPINESS AND SELF-ESTEEM: CAN ONE EXIST WITHOUT THE OTHER?
Study Finds that Only Optimism Relates to Both Happiness and Self-Esteem
Sonja Lynbomirsky, PhD and Chris Tkach, MA
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/selfesteem_happy.html

Source 15:
BEING BILINGUAL PROTECTS AGAINST SOME AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE CHANGES, SAYS NEW RESEARCH
Ellen Bialystok, PhD
Date accessed: February 22, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/bilingual_aging.html

Source 16:
DO 'SUPER MASCULINE' HUSBANDS MAKE FOR UNHAPPY WIVES?
B. Murray Law
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct04/husbands.html

Source 17:
MARITAL SATISFACTION AFFECTED BY BOTH SPOUSE’S MENTAL HEALTH, SAYS NEW STUDY
Depression rather than anxiety appears to disrupt the relationship more
Mark Whisman, PhD
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/maritaldepress.html

Source 18:
HIGH HOSTILITY MAY PREDICT HEART DISEASE MORE THAN OTHER RISK FACTORS SUCH AS CHOLESTEROL AND SMOKING
Raymond Niaura, PhD
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/hea216588.pdf

Source 19:
REMEMBERING THE GOOD TIMES, PUTTING THE BAD TIMES IN PERSPECTIVE – HOW OUR MEMORY HELPS MAKE LIFE PLEASANT
Research Explains Why Most People Are Happy With Their Lives
W. Richard Walken, PhD
Date accessed: February 18, 2005
http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/gpr72203.pdf

Source 20:
STRESS AND AGGRESSION REINFORCE EACH OTHER AT THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL, CREATING A VICIOUS CYCLE
In rats, stress hormones lower threshold for aggression and aggression raises stress hormones; data may lead help to break the cycle of violence
Menno Kruk
Date accessed: February 22, 2005
http://www.apa.org/releases/feedbackcycle.html


Class home page:
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy22/classhome-g22.htm

Jessica Lacy’s home page:
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/409as2005/lacy/home.htm