Report
2:
My Understanding of Driving Psychology
By Mitchell West
Instructions for this report are at:
www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy24/409a-g24-report2.htm
I am answering Questions 1,3,4,5 and 6
The question that I am answering is
Question 1:
(a) Give a brief review of our two textbooks: Road Rage and Aggressive Driving (James and Nahl), and Driving Lessons: Exploring Systems That Make Traffic Safer (Peter Rothe, Editor). The reviews should be between 3 and 6 paragraphs for each text.
(b) Select Chapter 8 on Supportive Driving (by James and Nahl) in the Road Rage book and Chapter 14 on Driving Skills (by Lawrance Lonero) in the Driving Lessons book. Summarize their content. Be sure to refer to the author’s name(s).
I Discuss in what way these ideas can help solve society’s driving problems. Be specific: what are the main problems and how can particular ideas in these chapters help solve those problems.
(d) Describe any resistance you experience regarding this orientation, including
(i) the idea
that how you drive is a moral issue of human rights
(ii) the idea of lifelong driver education and the idea of mandatory
participation in QDC support groups
(e) Describe the reactions of friends when you tell them about driving personality makeovers
I am answering (A)
The textbook Road Rage and Aggressive Driving, By:( Dr. Leon James and Dian Nahl) is a book that challenges and discusses many things that we take for granted in everyday life. This book is very factual and at the forefront of what is quickly becoming an epidemic in the world, this is road rage. This book looks at many of the causes of road rage and what we as individuals and countries can do about it. RR is very revolutionary
in it’s approach to this driving epidemic, for where as in the past governments and states have focused on the sensory motor skills of driving such as reflexes and actual physical movement. RR’s approach is to help the individual, or driver from the inside out. That is to say that a person is driving with their emotions first so we need to make sure that this is stable before we allow them to control a two thousand bound weapon. Dr. James and Nahl have touched on a very ingenious and revolutionary idea, with this approach and insight into the minds of aggressive drivers everywhere. The realization of the threefold self is a very important
reason why this book on Road Rage is so successful and valid as an education tool. The realization that the affective self controls the cognitive and sensory motor will help many drivers of any level or skill improves
aspects of there driving and even in everyday life. That is what I find so great about RR. I think that Dr James and Nahl have given people not only tools to help them succeed in driving, but also in life. Many driving programs are missing this or don’t even delve into the aspect of emotions behind the wheel. This is ignorant for we all know that we a very emotional creatures, and that our emotions can drive us to do many good and bad things. Due to the extensive research done by Dr. James and Nahl we also see many of the statistics that we take for granted everyday. Forty thousand die every year from car crashes. The cost of vehicle crashes const consumers 250 billion a year. These numbers are staggering.
The book Driving Lessons: Exploring Systems That Make Traffic Safer (Peter Rothe, Editor) seeks to solve the problem of traffic safety by exploring different paths. Rothe looks at different systems that are used in traffic and vehicle safety and tries to see where improvements or changes are in order. This multilevel approach is novel and thought provoking. It to like Dr. James and Nahl have found that the old ways of traffic education and safety have become obsolete. This book with its multi pronged attack provokes a lot of new ideas and criticism for the old ways of doing things.
I am answering question (B)
Chapter 8 in Road Rage by Dr. James and Dr. Diane Nahl is title “Supportive Driving”
and focuses on how different drivers interact with each other. There are many different driving styles and while we are in our car we should be focuses on how we share the road not only with other drivers but with our passengers and pedestrians. This chapter suggests that one way we can improve our supportive driving habits is to get rid of the US vs. them mentality that we carry around constantly. The out of town drivers vs. local drivers, skilled drivers vs. the inexperienced or unskilled drivers (etc). Dr. James and Nahl also suggest that drivers practice Motorists-to-motorist communication.
This involves waving when someone lets you in (lane Courtesy). Alerting others to dangers in the road. Pulling over for problems, for example if another motorist needs help. Giving signs of appreciation such as waves or hand signals to show that you appreciate another drivers help. Alerting vehicles with malfunctions that they are at risk or need to fix something.
In chapter 14 of Driving Skills (Lawrence P Lonero) titles his chapter as driving skills. This chapter looks at the physical and mental demands of the driver. Lonero outlines these demands in an attempt to create what he calls “the whole driver” this means that you meet the standards to which your skills will allow you to maneuver a vehicle safely and effectively through traffic. Some of these skills are (Knowledge, Attention, Detection, Perception, Evaluation, Decision, Motor Skills, Imagination, Motivation, and Responsibility.)
i) I at first had a hard time thinking of driving as a place where human rights could be endangered, but after studying Road Rage I can really understand how many acts we do everyday could be infringing on a persons human rights. Such as a person should have the right to feel safe and not threatened by a fellow driver, or as a pedestrian. I also never thought of my driving actions as terroristic threatening until I read about being a supportive driver. This made me realize some of my actions were driven by a lot of hate and malice.
ii) As for life long driver education, I didn’t have to much resistance to it because I think we need to improve on the driver education that we have right now. The QDC or quality driving circles might be a little difficult for people with busy schedules, but I think that it would help tremendously with interpersonal skills and how each driver related to one another on the road.
I am answering (D)
When I told my friends about a driving makeover, they were very defensive at first. I think this is a very big problem why people are so hesitant to change. For example I only told them the name driving makeover and they assumed that I was attacking there driving skills. I think people take their driving skills very personally and like Dr. James and Dr. Nahl mentioned people are often hesitant to change because it threatens their self image. With my friends it actually took them a while before they would actually listen to what I had to say about being a supportive driver and the three fold self. They all agreed the methods were sound but they were still hesitant to change. This was very disheartening because I was their friend, and I could only imagine how they would react if a stranger or a professional were to tell them about driving makeover.
The question that I am answering is
Question 3:
(a) Select three student reports at www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/499s2003/newsgroups Be sure you put a link to the report you are quoting from. Summarize what the three students were trying to do, what methods they used, and what they concluded.
(b) Discuss your reactions to what they did – their ideas, their method, and their explanations. What did they gain from doing their reports? How do their ideas influence what you yourself think about these issues?
(c) Now go to some driving newsgroups by Googling the phrase driving newsgroups. See if you can corroborate the conclusions of the student reports which were done several years ago. Is this still going on the same way?
I am answering question (A)
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/499s2003/newsgroups/newsgroups20.html#1
The first report that I looked at was by Roy J. Macaraeg. This webpage was concerned with merging, driving with aloha, privacy, speeding, and the effects of regional behavior. I thought Roy should have put his personal information at the top of his website because I had to go to his home page just to find out whose report this was. I thought that the line barriers were very effective in helping me separate between paragraphs. His format was to first display a persons view of one of the said topics above and then to state his opinion bellow. Sometimes he agreed sometimes he didn’t, but he always stated his opinion and ideas very clearly and made a valid argument for example why he disagreed with a person who said speeding was not a problem. This was most likely a younger driver who is full of bravado.
Roy concluded that there are many different factors to Road Rage, including the ones he mentioned above. He said that all of these factors in our daily life will put stress on us and effect the decisions we make. He explained that our reactions to Road Rage is highly individual and depends on our perception and outlook on life. He also said that it is good to remember that driving is just a transition in life from where we are to where we want to go. What I think he was trying to say was take it easy and relax.
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/499s2003/newsgroups/newsgroups24.html
This report was done by Toni Petersen. Tony had ten reactions to different comments that he posted on his site. He was very concerned with the growing epidemic of road rage and how prevalent and dangerous things were becoming on the road ways. He commented also on one mans grueling trip into work in the morning that took him 43 minutes but was like hell. Toni could relate to this type of transition and said that he two had a long commute in the morning.
Toni’s website was a little drab and was harder to understand than the others. I think that the colored wording was a big help in navigating my way through his sight. Again I don’t know why he didn’t have his name on the cover page. Toni concluded that not only was Road Rage and epidemic but that he thought he knew why. He agreed with the thought that people were modeled with certain behaviors such as it’s never my fault it’s always somebody else’s. He said that people drive crazy or disrespectful just to get to a destination a few seconds or minute faster. He thought that this was ridicules and very irresponsible.
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/499s2003/newsgroups/newsgroup72.html
This website by Janice Kamm was probably the best out of the three. Her name was on the cover sheet and her links were much more organized. In this web site Janice discussed the frustration of traffic on the driver’s emotions and how it got them very frustrated. She totally agreed with the driver about how it can be infuriating to be in traffic and not be able to do anything about it. Janice then commented on an article that was quite disturbing. It was a proposal by the state of Maryland that if passed would make it a felony to be caught traveling over the speed limit by 10 mph or more. She like I was absolutely amazed by the gall and ignorance of the law makers in Maryland. I think that state really needs to purchase a whole bunch of copies of Dr. James’s book.
The last thing that Janice touched on was a driver who insisted that the people who leave their headlights off when they should be on, are the same people who cause road rage and many of the accidents. Janice thought this was preposterous and like I thought that there was no statistical data to back this claim up. She thought this sounded more like a frustrated driver than a real life occurrence. The method that Janice used was to look at each of selections and then to give her opinion on them as to either agree or offer a different view on things.
I am answering (B)
My reaction to their ideas was amazingly right on. I don’t know if most college students think the same, but I had many of the same responses to their articles as they did. I even agree Roy about the guy who thought there was nothing wrong with speeders. I thought that it sounded like a very immature thing to say that speed has no impact on danger or aggressive driving. I think he did a great job with his comments and putting his true thought into his report. On the same hand I really was interested to read about the Maryland proposal to make speeding 10 mph over the limit a felony. I had never ever heard that and made me think of how ignorant those people are about driving psychology. I wonder if these people will ever be at the right stage to understand the three fold self. I mean if an official could put into motion a program like QDC that would work with the affective, cognitive, and sensory motor part of driving we would be a safer nation.
As far as explanations I think all three of these people did a great job explaining their feelings on the information stated in their reports. I definitely think that Janice Kamm had the best presentation as far as web site, but they put a lot of effort into their comments and evaluations.
The ideas of these reports influenced me by exposing me to different driver’s perspectives. I think it is very hard sometimes to understand another person’s point of view. And because I believe in being a supportive driver I think that it is very important to listen to what other drivers have to say. I think that if we all open our ears and our affective hearts to other drivers then they will be more apt to listen to our point of view on things. I think this is what being a supportive driver is all about, communicating mutual respect. Not to two thousand pound machines, but to the person controlling it.
I am answering (C)
For question (C) I googled the word driving newsgroups and found the sight as follows by: Angie Inouye. http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/409af97/angiei/report1.html
I was amazed to see that the same concepts and comments are still being made about driving and the anger and frustration behind Road Rage. Seeing this progression threw time and different people really drives home the point that we are failing to change the affective drive of many motorists out there. Of course they are at a huge disadvantage to the students who have learned about Road Rage and aggressive driving from Dr. Leon James and Dr. Diane Nahl. We as a class have seen empirically that the old ways of driver reform are ineffective, and until a program that focuses on life long driver education is implemented in this country we will continue to see such appalling behavior.
The question that I am answering is
Question 4:
(a) Consider Table 5 in the Lecture Notes, in the Section on Driving Psychology Theory and Charts at www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy24/409a-g24-lecture-notes.htm#Charts Read the article from which the Table was taken. Copy and paste the table into your file. Describe the Table in your own words: what is for, what it says, what it shows.
(b) Copy the Table again and paste it again. But this time delete the examples in each cell and replace them with your own examples that you make up. Title this Section: My Version of the Table. Explain what your table shows and how you came up with it. Discuss your Table with friends. Summarize their reactions. Summarize your reactions to their reactions.
(c) Discuss why driving is such a big problem in all societies and why no effective solutions have yet been found for them. Refer to our two textbooks for examples of some of the world wide problems and solutions proposed. Be sure to refer to the author and page numbers. What likelihood is there that his approach will be adopted? Explain
I am answering question (A)
This table 5 shows the different reactions to situations and emotional intelligence in driving. I believe that this table serves as a physical embodiment of emotional intelligence for those drivers or individuals that need to see something in hard copy to understand it. I think that this table and format allow those people to hang onto something and refer back to it when they need to.
I believe that it says many things about the way people feel and behave when they are faced with difficult skills. This table while also giving a physical example of things also lets people read real life account of other reaction. These reactions are then placed into an easy to read and understand format. I think that the idea of these graphs is extremely effective in organizing the ideas behind being a positive and supportive driver. For example every time a driver self witness himself or herself say something about another driver, or witnesses a behavior. They can look up the type of reaction and see where it falls in the table. It works very well as a kind of physical guide.
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I am answering question (B)
MY VERSION OF THE TABLE
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I believe that my table tries to give the perspective of a positive supportive driver, and that of a negative driver. I think that the first table is more precise than mine, but that my table offers the view of a person who has just been exposed to this type of driver education.
I talked to my friends about this table and concept, and they had many different things to say. I spent much of my time telling them about being a supportive driver, and even more time on the three folds self. They all were some what defensive when I showed them the table, and the examples I had come up with. After reviewing my friends reactions to my new table I thought of something. I realized that by doing this table and explaining it to my friends that I was more aware of my driving habits. I think by doing this table with my own ideas and models that it helped me better ingrains and self witness the ideas behind being a supportive driver.
The question that I am answering is
Question 5:
(a) Our textbook Road Rage and Aggressive Driving has checklist exercises in several chapters. Do the following four exercises:
(i) Exercise on Aggressive
Thoughts and Feelings on p. 65-66
(ii) Exercise on Are You an Aggressive Competitor on p. 104-5
(iii) Exercise on Positive Driving Behaviors on p. 212-3
(iv) Exercise on Your Passive Aggressive Road Rage Tendency on p. 88-9
(b) Discuss your reactions to each exercise? How do you explain your answers? You can give your answers in their entirety or you can make selections. What do they show about your driving personality? Where did you get this style of reacting and driving? Discuss how these exercises help you to become more aware of yourself as a driver.
(c) Do some of the exercises with another driver you know. How do they help you understand some principles of driving psychology mentioned in the book? Discuss and illustrate with specific examples.
I am answering question (B)
(i) Exercise on Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings on p. 65-66
After completing the exercise above I was amazed to find out that I have a rather negative fantasy of other drivers when they do things that I don’t like. One of the things that I realized sets me off is when someone cuts into my lane and doesn’t wave. When this happens I feel cheated and used. I know it’s only one car and a few seconds but for some reason I really feel like ramming them to teach them some manners. I think this exercise really helped me self witness the fact that my negative thoughts, although they are only in my head, do affect the way I operate my vehicle. As for the High Pressure category I scored rather low because I don’t think I am very competitive, and I’m not really outward with my anger. The same goes for the Impulsive part of the check list. I think I did fit this bill when I was younger and more apt to impress my friends, or seek thrill by going fast.
I believe that I got this type of driving from my father. As the book says we learn our driving patterns from our parents who model them to us from a young age. I can’t be completely sure that I get these thoughts of negativity from my father, because I have never asked him what he thinks about other drivers, but I know that my mother is a very aggressive and verbal driver who holds nothing in.
I believe that this exercise really made me aware of my aggressive thoughts and feelings by letting me self witness and evaluate my self. I always thought that I was a rather passive driver because I never honked or retaliated against another driver, but after learning about the affective self I can see that my aggression simply manifests itself in a way that I think is publicly accepted. I think this exercise really told me where I need to start as far as a driver makeover is concerned.
(ii) Exercise on Are You an Aggressive Competitor on p. 104-5
After I finished this exercise I realized that I am defiantly not a competitive driver. I know this because I did not agree with any of the choices. I thought most of the questions were something that a narcissistic person would say. For example there is that question that says that I am a natural leader so I always feel like I belong way out in front. I have never ever felt like that.
I think that this exercise did not teach me about my self as much as it did about other drivers. Reading these questions made me realize that there are very competitive drivers out there who think they deserve to be in front of everyone else and they don’t mind being aggressive in order to “win” as they put it.
(iii) Exercise on Positive Driving Behaviors on p. 212-3
After finishing the exercise on Positive driving I was a little embarrassed and found myself wishing I could check a few more answers on the questionnaire. Again I found my self guilty of not avoiding mental violence. This shows me just how important the affective organ is when it comes to creating positive driving behaviors.
I think this exercise also showed me that I did have some positive driving skills. This is good because I am very interested in becoming a better driver. Some of the positive qualities that I checked were, checking my blind spot, letting people merge, giving ample warning of my turns with my blinker, not tailgating and giving people enough room to navigate. I would like to say that these behaviors were ingrained in me from a you age, but really they weren’t. In fact I remember one year ago when I went to Canada with my mother and she displayed some very rude behavior. We were coming back into the United States and the wait was around two hours just to get to the border. Some how we ended up in the quicker lane and everyone else was trying to cut into our lane. I sat and watched as my mom refused to let even one person into our lane for two straight hours.
There for I would really have to say that doing the exercises in the book and taking this class has had the most effect on my driving habits. I think that this id proof that Dr. James’s techniques have validity. For in just a few moths I have already started self witnessing my driving behavior and begun implementing things I have learned in class. I have found that because I am so upset when people don’t wave when they cut in I have begun waiving to everyone. The other fun thing that I have begun doing is taking up traffic waves. I learned this from Dr. Leon James. This is when you leave around 3 car lengths between you and the next car. It allows people to switch lanes and if everyone did it we wouldn’t have gridlock.
(iv) Exercise on Your Passive Aggressive Road Rage Tendency on p. 88-9
After taking this exercise on passive aggressive road rage I found out that I am mildly passive aggressive. I think that I am more prone to this brand of passive aggressive road rage because my form of anger is more internal. I think that if I was more outward with my anger that I would express it by being more pro active in my road rage.
I think I get this habit from my father as well who is quite crafty. He is a man who at all appearances is in control of his emotions, but after having this class I can see that he is simply quieter about his road rage. Having this as a model growing up must have played a tremendous role in the way I drive today. I believe that this exercise has helped me to identify my outlet. Before I thought that I was simply an offender in my head. I hadn’t even heard about this thing called passive aggressive. I have often thought about punishing what I deemed to be bad drivers by using passive aggressive techniques. Once I remember wanting to slam on my breaks and say that a dog ran out in front of me just so the person be hind me would crash. Doing these exercise really helps me do identify my own behaviors gives me the opportunity to do something about them.
I am answering question (C)
For this exercise I chose to walk my girlfriend through one of the exercises. The one that I chose was (ii) Exercise on Are You an Aggressive Competitor on p. 104-5. I chose this exercise over the others because I personally feel that she is a very competitive driver. I think this because she has a compulsion to not let any car pass her. Along with this competition is the aggressive behavior to not let other into her lane. She has and will speed up to block others from entering her lane. After I explained to her about the exercise and how it works she took the exam, and like I expected she scored rather high. Right after she was done I explained what her score meant. She then became very defensive and insisted that it wasn’t her fault that everyone was so pushy.
This is just like the book says about how competitive people assume that everyone is competing against them. After watching my girlfriend get a little angry I could really see what the book was talking about people defending their negative driving behavior. Hopefully this reaction is just a knee jerk reaction to criticism. I then explained to her about the dramatic statistics and how to become a better driver by self witnessing your behavior and the three fold self. When I explained about being a supportive driver she had a little bit harder time, because she still had this negative paranoid mind set that everyone was just trying to compete against her and that it was every driver for them self
The question that I am answering is
Question 6
(a) Search the Web and the University of Hawaii Library Electronic Resources of full text journals to find out what is known about how cell phone use affects people's driving. Summarize some of this literature. Be sure you have articles from both the Web and the Library Electronic Journals Databases. Give the full reference and link for each article.
(b) Use the theory in the Lecture Notes to explain what drivers need to learn about themselves in order to be able to handle the proper use of cell phones while driving. Is it better to train drivers to use cell phones properly or is it better to outlaw the use of any cell phones while driving? Discuss the solutions.
I am answering question (A)
The first website that I examined was that from the following web page was titled “Cell phones and Driving; an accident waiting to happen.” http://columbusoh.about.com/cs/transportation/l/blrant06.htm this site started off with the sentencing of a Columbus Ohio to 4 months of jail time, $2,250 in fines and the restriction of his license. This is because the man failed to see the car in front of him and slammed into them killing two 17 year old girls. The reason he failed to make such a decision was blamed on his cell phone.
Now parent and family members of such victims have begun to unite and bring about what they believe will save lives. This group has presented there case to legislatures and public officials to no avail so far. The most recent attempt however is to link up with the successful protest group MADD, or Mothers Against Drunk Drivers. They believe that this will give them the influence they need to get their voices heard and also help them concern another problem they face. Money, this is not a shortage of funds but the taxes gathered from cell phone usage. This group with the website “call now chat later” insists that one of the reason that government is so slow to implement laws is because they make a profit from every minute a user spends on the phone.
The second electronic resource I used was: The University of Hawaii’s Electronic Recourses. http://uhmanoa.lib.hawaii.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&PAGE=bbSearch (keyword cell phone and driving). This article was called “Dialing and driving banned at AMEC”, and written by Poonam Khanna. In it the article tells about a business associate who is addicted to multitasking in his car. The article even goes as far as to call his personal planner and cell phone drugs. The interesting part about this story is that the businessman is trying to stop multitasking, not because he thinks it will improve his life but because his company is making him.
His company is the Engineering company AMEC. They have implemented this rule to all of their employees because of man named Randy Plener who is the vice-president of (Safety, Health, and environment) in Toronto. He claims that people that use cell phones or other multitasking tools were four times more likely to get into a serious accident. He also concluded that interestingly enough that earpieces and other hand free devices did nothing to deter this problem. The results so far from this article are that the employees are having to lock the devises into their glove boxes and plan more carefully their schedule.
I am answering (B)
Both of these article have proposed that individuals give up the comforts of technology for a better and safer roadway. This sounds very happy and well meaning, but as we all know it is seriously lacking in practicality. I think that this is where Dr. James brings up a very realistic point. He knows that things like drinking and talking on the cell phone are not only a part of our daily lives but a part of our culture. He realizes that it is too late to try and take these things from our society.
Instead what he proposes is that we learn to drive responsibly with these things. For example the three fold self says that affectively we should know how much wine we can have and still drive, or that we need to consider the other drivers when we are using our electrical devises and make sure that their human rights are not in danger because of our recklessness. This is why I agree so adamantly with Dr. James and his proposal to not ban the use of such things in the car. I honestly believe that it is much more realistic to teach people how to function properly with these things rather to just simply ban them.
My Report On the Previous Generations.
G22: Amy Beeler, http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leon/409as2005/beeler/home.htm
For her report 2 Amy answered question concerning the 3 behavior domains, driving personality makeover, she analyzed the Road Rage book, discussed two websites. Threw out Amy’s report two she put in a very good amount of personal quotes such as things she agreed with and did not. For example when she was examining the Road Rage book by Dr. Leon James and Dr. Diane Nahl she claimed that the thought the exercises helped her. These exercises are of course the same ones we discussed earlier in the report. She said it helped her self witness her behavior. Amy also mentioned in her report 2 that she thought that this type of driver education would be beneficial to all types of drivers. As for her advice to other classes in the future she had this to say. I advise you all to get better at the computer and using all of its tools because this class is very computer dependent.
G23: Kristen Masuoka http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leon/409af2005/masuoka/home.htm
This report 2 was one of the best ones I have ever seen. Kristen looked well organized in all aspects of her approach and analysis. I really liked the graphs and the tables that she put in her report. I found that these visuals are a very nice break to the visual stimulus of just staring at words. The graphs are even colored giving the page a little spunk. She had very good paragraphs and did a good job comparing both the dr.driving.org page and the drivers.com page. She said that the dr.driving.com page seemed to focus more on the tools needed to becoming a life long good driver where the other page focused on different factors, such as current tips and safety advice. The part that I liked best about her report two was her pictures of the exercises in the book. I have tried to impute this in my paper but I haven’t found a way. Amy also had a fitting piece of advise that everyone else has, don’t procrastinate.
Advice For Future Generations
My advice to future generations sounds a little bit cliché, because I have read it so much in the other generation’s advice column. This is of course is do not procrastinate. I luckily have had a class like this before and so I know first hand how important this fact is. I have found it personally very satisfying to have finished my second big posting on the web. I think that it is so exciting to have a piece of your hard work and dedication on display. One of the biggest pieces of advice I would like to leave other generations is to keep an open mind when first learning about driving psychology, especially some of the concepts that you don’t usually hear in everyday conversation. Some of these things are the three fold self, QDC, and being a supportive driver. Many people, my self included started off in a rather defensive state of mind when I found out that I might be an aggressive driver. I think this negative bias is a big part of why people are very hesitant to change. That is why I am challenging the future generations to open their minds and to except the positive bias. This way you can begin to self witness your driving behavior and be on your way to becoming a live long supportive driver.
My Home Page: http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leon/409as2006/west/west-home.htm
Class Home Page: www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy24/classhome-g24.htm