Intimacy in Marriage

This is Report 6

Authors:

Kimberly Ushijima

Rebecca Alexander

Josie Garcia

Brandon Nacapoy

Psy 409b, Spring 2008, Generation 27

Dr. Leon James, Instructor, University of Hawaii

class home page

 

 

Section 1 - Lecture

Lecture 13 – Dynamic Elements of the Ennead Chart

 

PHASE THAT GOVERNS THEIR INTERACTIONS

THREEFOLD SELF

SENSORIMOTOR
(external)

COGNITIVE
(internal)

AFFECTIVE
(inmost)

UNITY
PHASE
focus on partner

zone 7
sensorimotor
unity (SU)
altruistic
 sensations

zone 8

cognitive
unity (CU)
altruistic
thoughts

zone 9
affective
unity (AU)
altruistic
feelings

EQUITY
PHASE
focus on intellect

zone 4
sensorimotor
equity (SE)
intellectualized
sensations

zone 5
cognitive
equity (CE)
intellectualized
thoughts

zone 6
affective
equity (AE)
intellectualized feelings

MALE DOMINANCE
 PHASE
focus on self

zone 1
sensorimotor
male dominance (SMD)
 self-centered
sensations

zone 2
cognitive
male dominance (CMD)
self-centered
thoughts

zone 3
affective
male dominance (AMD)
self-centered

In this lecture, the different sections of the ennead chart are explained more clearly as to how it can be used to identify specific emotions, moods, thoughts, and acts. 

 

This chart shows where certain actions, thoughts, and emotions fall on the ennead chart.  This makes it easier to determine where an individual falls on the chart when he or she does or does not do something.  Another way to look at it is like this:

 

PHASE THAT GOVERNS THEIR INTERACTIONS

THREEFO0LD SELF

SENSORIMOTOR
(external)

COGNITIVE
(internal)

AFFECTIVE
(inmost)

UNITY

7b
zone 7
SU
7a ------>

<------8b
zone 8

CU
8a------>

<------ 9b
zone 9
AU
9a

EQUITY

4b
zone 4
SE
4a------>

<------ 5b
zone 5
CE
5a------>

<------ 6b
zone 6
AE
6a

MALE DOMINANCE

1b
zone 1
SMD
1a ------>

<------ 2b
zone 2
CMD
2a ------>

<------ 3b
zone 3
AMD
3a

 

The numbers marked with the letter “a” show a process in which the husband is growing from one zone to the next.  The numbers marked with the letter “b” show that the husband has reached a higher level and is able to move between the levels which he has already achieved.  For that reason, the direction of the numbers marked with the letter “b” show a deeper maturity than the direction of the numbers marked with the letter “a”.

 

If a husband is stuck in zones 1, 2, and 3, or the male dominance zone, he will have to define his interactions with his wife so that they are in line with zone 4, or the sensorimotor equity phase, in order to move forward.  Because male dominance is more of a traditional idea, a husband might make the jump from zone 3 to zone 4 because of adopting some modern ideas of marriage.  The jump from zone 6, or the affective equity zone, to zone 7, the sensorimotor unity zone, comes when the husband becomes spiritually and rationally enlightened.

 

The “best sex ever” can occur when a husband is in zone 7b.  7b is in the sensorimotor unity zone.  Because it’s marked with the letter “b” this indicates that the husband must have developed zones 8 and 9 and is going back to zone 7.  Sexual intimacy, please, and progressive enhancement is the result of its origin from affective intimacy.  Because of this, sexual intimacy in zones 1a, 4a, and 7a, are less intimate as zones 1b, 4b, and 7b. 

 

I believe this to be true as far as sexual intimacy goes.  If a man and women aren’t connected on any other level except for a physical one, there sexual intimacy is shallow.  There is a lot more depth and maturity to sex when a couple is connected on not only a physical level, but a mental and emotional level as well.  It makes sense that the zones marked with “b” are more intimate than the zones marked with “a”.

 

Section 2 – Readings

 

Yogi covered the Lecture Notes sections 11 and 19 for the readings oral presentation.  Section 11 covers the Spiritual Dimension to the Unity Model and Section19 covers Examples of Anti-Unity Values.  O’Connell covered a report from Generation 23 by Susan Ventrucci.  In this report she covers a few topics, but our discussion was focused on the views of books by Joshua Coleman, Laura Schlessinger, and Deborah Tannen, and how they compare to lecture notes by Dr. James. 

 

Lecture Notes 11

 

Yogi summarized for us the Swedenborg reports, and his findings while living a dual life both in the Physical and Spiritual worlds: the worlds in which we exist in mind and body.  He gives us the great news of increased happiness in the Heavenly realms, and the conjoint couples he spoke to.  There is also hope for those who fail to find their soul mate in this life. Some couples Swedenborg spoke to were united in Heaven, after death.  He sees what he refers to as ‘angel couples’ which is how couples appear as their conjoint self.   He also reports on the hellish realms we may fall into if we do not let go of all hellish thoughts.  We must choose to keep all heavenly thoughts, and lose all hellish thoughts.  Yogi also talked about the male and female roles and the ways in which males and females express themselves.  A big topic to understand is the difference between anger and zeal.  These two emotions can appear the same on the surface, zeal can often be confused for anger.  In reality, Zeal is a woman’s passion for affective intimacy and the conjugial relationship she so desires with her husband.  A man often reacts to zeal with anger in the male dominance and equity stages. In the unity stage the male wants to understand and have a positive reaction to the zeal of his wife. 

 

I think whether in a relationship or not, we all struggle with hellish traits in this life, I hope to not have to struggle with them in the afterlife. I also find it comforting to know it is possible to find a soul mate in the afterlife if we are not blessed enough to find one here on earth.      

Lecture Notes 11: The Spiritual Dimension to the Unity Model

 

            SS: Spiritual Sun

            H: Heat

            L: Light

            A: Affective

            C: Cognitive

The Spirtual Sun is like our sun on earth: it provides heat, light, and warmth. Heat provides Good which in turn translates into nutrients that allows one to grow and feel Affectively warm and whole. Light provides Truth, being able to see what is true and honest in others. In order to obtain truth we must think about it cognitively and adopt it as our positive bias.

A: Affective

C: Cognitive

S: Sensorimotor

2: Spiritual Marriage

1: Natural Marriage

In Natural Marriage, women’s external Affective organ is conjoined to the man’s external Cognitive organ, which means woman’s love is connected to
men’s wisdom. In Spiritual Marriage, his internal Cognitive organ is conjoined to her internal Affective organ; his love is connected to her wisdom.

There are two biases of Psychology, Negative and Positive. The Negative Bias deals with materialism, non-theistic psychology which does not allow one to keep their mind open to perspectives of alternatives. The Negative Bias also believes that the physical world exists- only natural marriage, not an afterlife or spiritual marriage. Positive Bias incorporates theistic psychology and the works of Emmanuel Swedenborg, allowing one to keep open mind in scientific and empirical studies. Unlike the Negative Bias, Positive Bias believes two worlds, a physical life now, and a mental life later, a spiritual marriage, “until eternity.” Swedenborg (1688-1772) believed that we should be given the choice, to choose a positive or negative bias that way we can be intellectually savvy and decide what is better for ourselves, instead of excluding anything that does not follow with your thoughts on the matter.

If a couple reaches level 2: Spiritual Marriage, then they are considered to be soul-mates because they both have the same ideals and feelings in their relationship. Like does not join with like, men and women who have different mentalities are able to fit together, they are reciprocal. To reach total spiritual interdependence between a man and a woman is what we seek to complete. Swedenborg was able to meet such couples over the 27 years he had dual consciousness. The man and the woman formed one angel, their faces were one in the same, one masculine and the other feminine. If one spoke it was if it came from the other, if one left, the other lost their composure and intelligence. They are one in the same, they complete each other. I feel that this is a sweet representation of the unity that they represent, that they form one angel- represented by their reciprocal bond.

Once our physical bodies “die” we are soon resurrected 30 hours later into our mental minds. To reach heaven, one must practice “heavenly” traits, by negating their “hellish” thoughts of not thinking ego-centrically or being irrational. Couples who did not release their hellish thoughts were placed into their own forms of hell, in deep, dark forms of hatred towards one another. Heavenly couples on the other hands are able to be in harmony and peacefulness with one another.

The only way to reach Unity is to believe and work with your partner to achieve that status. The male may become hesitant in the process of reaching Unity due to him wanting to dominate her and have his own way, how he wants and when he wants it. He does not want to have to sit down and compromise, or ultimately nod and agree to her wishes and actions. It must take time and practice from both male and female, with plenty of appreciation and patience. A way for a man to understand and adapt to his woman, he must practice self-witnessing. He must monitor what his mental organs are doing: his feelings (A-Affective), Thoughts (C-Cognitive) and sensations and actions (S-Sensorimotor). By practicing this, he will begin to understand that her actions are best and are meant to be beneficial for their relationship.

In spiritual marriage, his understanding is conjoined to her will, not his own. He then learns to love acting from his wife’s will. It takes time and understanding for a man to agree on all accounts with a woman, so he will practice conjugial simulation. He might inwardly disagree with his wife, but outwardly agree with her. She might take notice of this, but she understands that he is trying so she lets him learn this for himself. This is a win-win situation, because he will outwardly be agreeing with her, which will make them both happy.

Lecture Notes 19

 

Section 19 of our lecture notes consists of a list of Anti-Unity Values.  Yogi agreed with the majority of these, but questioned a couple. This led to a class discussion on the list and why or why not the values agreed with the Unity model.  She believed a couple could still find unity, even if they were living together or having children together while not married.  I feel that marriage is a symbol of your commitment to your spouse.  If you are unwilling to commit yourself to someone, you will probably be unwilling to become completely united with them on the cognitive and affective levels.  However, I do believe each couple has to do what is right for them, and we are all different in what makes us happy.  I think this list makes a lot of sense, and whether or not you are striving for unity, these are good rules to follow to have a happy relationship.

 

A popular topic of discussion this semester has been number 13 “Accepting the idea that it's OK to "agree to disagree" about some things.” This is still something that I also struggle within the Unity Model.  I understand the concept of complete unity in order to be the conjoint self, but I find it hard to believe a couple can truly agree on every single aspect of life.  We all have opinions, and I find it unfair to expect the male to always give up his in order to please his wife.  Disagreements, when approached calmly and openly, can make for great discussions and learning experiences.  It’s how we enrich our lives by seeing things through another’s eyes.  I just don’t see how this can be a bad thing all the time.

 

Lecture Notes: Exercise 19.2: Spiritual Marriage (or Eternal Marriage) Anatomical Conjunction of Mental Organs of Husband and Wife

According to Swedenborg, there are seven reasons why after one partner of a conguial couple passes away, the other will not remarry.

1.     Because they have been United in respect to their souls

They are one, his external Affective organs are connected to her external Cognitive organs, his love is conjoined to her wisdom. Their souls are connected as one. They are conjoined through both Cognitive conjunction and Affective conjunction which allows their souls to be one: they are soul mates.

2.      Because they have been united also in respect to their bodies

All levels of Unity are matched in their relationship: Sensorimotor, Affective and Anatomical Conjunction.  

3.     Because an atmosphere of her love

Her love is conjoined to his wisdom, their perfect presence and being conjoins with one another again and again.

4.     Because married partners are so united

They strive for Unity in life as well as in heaven, and their conjugial love allows them to reach their Unity.

5.     Because in consequence of the foregoing they are no longer two

Their love and commitment to one another through reaching the Unity model allowed their souls, minds and bodies to become one. Much like how Swedenborg saw couples as angles, their souls messed into one, when he saw one speak- it was like their words were coming from the other’s lips.

6.     Because such a oneness cannot be sundered by the death of the other partner

The other is with the surviving spouse throughout eternity. The passing of one’s death will not be able to break the foundation of their relationship with the other. Their physical body is gone, yes, but their mental mind is still alive and allows the couple to still be one.

7.     Because the two are not actually separated by the death of one

The spirit of the recently departed will live on with the remaining spouse, living on with the other in heart “they have never really

gone.” And once the other’s body physically dies on earth and is resuscitated, they will be conjoined once again to their spouse. They will continue to have their spiritual marriage now in heaven, being together until eternity because they reached Unity.

 

If one is not conjoined in the Unity model of marriage with their soul mate, then one will be provided for them when they reach heaven. Soul mates are born for one another, they are groomed and prepared for their marriage with their spouse, and if they are not able to meet in life, they will be placed together in the afterlife. This is dedicated and possible by Devine providence; their similarities are what conjoins them together.

 

The remaining spouse may choose to remarry, however, this marriage will not be in conjugial love, because he has already discovered that with his previous wife, one can not have more than one soul mate. If he chooses to remarry, this relationship will now be considered an external relationship. It will be an External union being the case if young children are involved in the family, a new parent might be issued to ensue proper care and nurture to the children. This relationship will not reach conjugial love, their love is simply a natural marriage, not a spiritual marriage.

 

My Opinion

 

 

I feel that these represented findings of conjugial couples are consistent of what I learned and how I felt the Unity model of marriage should be. I find it appealing to know that if I were in a conjugial relationship with my spouse and he passed away, our union would still be conjoined through our spiritual marriage. If I adopted Unity with my spouse I could see it possible for me not to remarry, and for him not to remarry either- since we are soul mates and no one else can replace our bond that we had formed in life.  It is often hard to find the “one” in life since many of us are working and going to school, sometimes there is no time to be searching for your soul mate. And if this is so, it is appealing to hear that a person has been created just for you, to enjoy and surround in perfect harmony.

 

Generation 23My Understanding of the Unity Model of Marriage by Susan Ventrucci

 

The Generation Curriculum discussed in class was Susan Ventrucci’s Report 2.  Her answer for one of the questions was discussed in class.  The questions and answer is as follows:

 

Question:

Contrast the four views of gender relationships expressed by Tannen in Gender Issues, Schlessinger in The Proper Care and Feeding of Husbands, Coleman in The Lazy Husband, and James in The Unity Model of Marriage.

 

Answer:

Susan points out that Tannen views the differences in the communication of genders not caused by biological difference but by society and situational factors.  Tannen believes that women and men communicate a certain way because of how society expects them to communicate.  Different genders in different societies communicate differently.  If communication was only based on gender, all women in all societies would communicate the same way.

 

Dr. Laura Schlessinger on the other hand, bases her ideas mainly on the biological differences between males and females.  She believes that all males are dominant and all females were created to be submissive.  Males should be the conquers and females should be the nurturers.  She does believe that men and women care about each other but they express those feelings differently because of their biological disposition. 

 

In the book the Lazy Husband, Dr. Coleman has a similar view to Dr. Laura as far as both of them thinking that men are at an advantage over women.  Susan points out however, that he doesn’t believe that men have an advantage because of their biology but because society has placed women in such a submissive role for so long.  He believes that men and women are equal but we operate in different ways.  He believes that roles in gender relationships are roles that society shows us how to play. 

 

Dr. James’ Unity Model of Marriage talks about men and women being reciprocals.  He points out that women and men are attracted to the others reciprocal difference.  Dr. James’ model doesn’t show men or women being in “control” of one another, but on the unity level, the man chooses to always agree with his wife.

 

 

Author believes gender

Author believes gender

Author believes one partner

 

relationships are based partly

relationships are based partly

exerts dominance over the

 

or all on biology

or all on society

other in some form

Tannen

 

                 

 

"Gender Discourse"

                     NO

                   YES

                 NO

 

 

 

 

Dr. Laura

 

 

 

"The Proper Care

 

 

 

and Feeding of

                   YES

                   YES

               YES

Husbands"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dr. Coleman

 

 

 

"The Lazy Husband"

                     NO

                  YES

               YES

 

 

 

 

Dr. James

 

 

 

"The Unity Model

                   YES

                   YES

                 NO

 

As you can tell from the table above, these authors only agree on one aspect unanimously, and that is the fact that our roles in relationships are at least partially due to the society in which we live.  O’Connell believes while Schlessinger, Coleman and James are focused on relationships, Tannen is harder to understand and based more on linguistics.  However, Tannen does stress the importance of communication, and how your society shapes your characteristics.

 

Through out this semester it has been interesting to read these different books and look at relationships through the eyes of these authors.  There are aspects within all of these books that I both agree and disagree with.  I don’t think it is possible for one person’s opinion to be completely right.  I think it is a good idea to read about and look at things from a variety of perspectives, and then find the right combination of those perspectives that works for you in your own relationship.  I think especially with Dr. James’ notes, it is important to approach new ideas with an open mind and a positive bias.  If you are unwilling to do this, you could miss out on something truly amazing.

 

I think that when it comes to the nature verse nurture argument there has to be a little bit of both.  Communication and characteristics can’t be solely based on biology or society.  I think that the Unity Model is based on biology, society, and will power to make a choice.  The unity model points out that we have to choose to communicate and live the life we do.  If the man wants to reach unity, he has to choose to agree with his wife and treat her like a woman and not an object.  The women also has to choose how she can go about getting her husband to want to follow the unity model so that he can start to see what he has to change in order for there to be conjunction. 

 

Section 3: Team Presentations on Exercises

 

(a)  Summarize the main ideas presented by the team.

 

The main concept of the group’s presentation was “Conversational Rules for Husbands in Conjugial Interactions.”  Under this concept, the four rules of conjugial conversation were described.  I presented the first two rules of conjugial conversation and Xuying presented the last two rules.  The first rule is to be “reactive and friendly whenever his wife is talking to him.”  This is something that most men do when they are first dating their woman because that is the stage they are trying to impress her the most but it slowly begins to stop as the relationship continues.  This is why he must continue to want to do it for himself.  He stops in the beginning in part due to the male dominance phase.  Males want to retain their independence and do things the way “he” wants to do it.  So, being reactive and friendly to her may not be on his to do list because sometimes he doesn’t want to listen to her and may want things only his way.  He later, through his commitment to the unity model, will try his best and convince himself that this rule is the right thing to follow for the relationship to strive towards unity.  The second rule is to “deny himself the right to express disagreement with her.”  This principle is to deny himself from saying “no” to her.  When a man says “no,” this causes disagreement and this is disjunctive behavior and is also unsexy for her.  This is another habit that occurs a lot in the male dominance phase because the male doesn’t want to do things her way he wants it his.  I also talked about how their shows the lopsided male dominance model because he expects her to never say “no” to him but, it’s should be ok for him to be able to say “no” to her when he wants to.  This will continue to change as they move upwards in the levels of the unity model once his commitment is strong and true towards unity.  The third rule is “create a conversational atmosphere in which his wife feels unoppressed, free, and safe because he shows that he cherishes everything about her.”  He should always try and let her speak her mind to however she pleases.  She may jump from topic to topic and this may begin to anger her but she should be able to do so freely and with his acceptance.  He needs to liberate his own thoughts and desires of becoming angry at her and support and converse with her freely, no matter how the topics may continually change.  The fourth and final rule is “to use the conversation as a method of enhancing her mood, of making her feel young in heart and stimulated in mind.”   The woman is the one who conjoins herself to “his wisdom and rationality and intelligence” because she loves how he thinks.  He should also do that for her.  Unlike in the male dominance model, the focus of the male should not be on himself; rather the focus should be on her and how to please her once there is a commitment to unity.     

 

(b)  Describe what they did and how they interpreted it.

 

Both presenters related this particular section to their own personal lives.  I related it to my personal relationship and I discussed how I have noticed that as a male, I may not have followed the rules in the beginning of my relationship, but as we continue to move further and with me in this class, my ideas are changing.  Xing also chose to use her personal relationship with her boyfriend to discuss the last two rules.  She gave examples about how her boyfriend shows his male dominance perspective when she is talking and how true to their lives these rules seem to be/not be. This was really eye opening for us both and it shed a lot of light on what the male should be doing to make a relationship work.

 

(c)  Describe some of the ideas that needed a better justification or greater amplification.  

 

For the most part, I think that both Xuying and I really did a great job considering there were supposed to be three people in the group and only the two of us presented.  I feel that more time could have been spent going through the theories as they relate more to the unity model and Swedenborg’s ideas rather than a lot of examples and ideas about our personal lives.  This would have definitely been more helpful to truly get the ideas about the four rules across to our classmates.  Moreover, if they had greater amplification here, the class would truly be able to relate and understand the material through the unity perspective.  For most of the G27 students, they feel that they are somewhere between the male dominance and equity phases, so if more time was spent on these  four rules, the class could figure out exactly what needs to be done in their relationship if they are striving towards unity and maybe how they can achieve it.

 

(d)  What was the success of the approach they used?

           

In my perspective, our success was talking about our personal lives and having an understanding of the four conjugial rules of conversation.  Since both of us were successfully able to relate the four rules to our own relationships, the audience members were able to connect and relate our examples to their own lives.  I think that the way I shared my struggles as a male and how Xuying shared the struggles that her and her boyfriend go through, it was good for the women in the class to connect it to their own boyfriends and his mannerisms.  It was a very successful approach.

 

(e)  What improvements are needed in the procedures or in the instructions?

           

 I think that the instructions are clear for everyone read.  This section really goes into great detail about what can be done on the male’s part for a couple’s continued effort towards unity.  Maybe it would be more helpful to more examples and explanations that came directly from the lecture notes with each particular rule of conversation.  This way everyone could really see how their relationships fit into the different rules and how they themselves as a couple need to improve and move through the four rules to reach unity.

 

(f)  What are the limitations of these types of Exercises?

 

I actually feel there aren’t too many limitations on doing an exercise like 16c.1.  It is very helpful to relate the concepts and ideas of the Unity Model to everyone’s own lives.  This section was a lot shorter than most of the previous exercises so it was a lot easier to read through the material thoroughly with a better understanding.  I feel that exercise 16c.1 is a great length for an exercise which seemed to correspond to a great oral presentation by Xuying and I and a better understanding by our classmates.

 

(g)  Describe what happened when you did some of the steps of the exercises.

 

I am the one who presented so when I was doing the questions of the exercise I found it more personally related to me and my feelings about the unity model.  I also realized how much the model really relates not only to my relationship but men overall.  The unity model, especially in this exercise, is kind of eye opening to everyone who doesn’t follow the model or who doesn’t believe that it’s possible and chooses the negative bias rather than the positive bias.   One of the questions was “Are they willing to go along with this perspective?”  It was interesting to see that mostly all of my male friends, whether they are in a relationship or not, was less reluctant to follow the four rules and most of my female friends, including my girlfriend, was all for it.  I guess it shows that unless the unity model is thoroughly understood, men think that it is a female serving and female centered model but we know that to be completely false and not what Swedenborg reports.

           

Section 4 – Websites

 

http://ezinearticles.com/?Great-Conversation-To-Better-Relationships&id=272443. 

 

“Great Conversation To Better Relationships.”  This is Joshua Poyoh’s take on what it takes to better a relationship.  These rules to conversation are somewhat similar to the “four rules of conjugial conversation” discussed above but this idea is contrasting for the most part.

 

http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/how-to-make-a-man-fall-in-love-with-you-1498.html. 

 

How to Make a Man Fall in Love With You.”  This is an interesting article to read because it takes the male dominance perspective on a relationship and gives tips on how the woman should act to get the man to love her.

 

http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/how-to-get-a-girl-to-fall-in-love-1434.html. 

 

How to Get a Girl To Fall in Love.”  This article gives some tips on the opposite view, what the guy needs to do to get her to fall in love with him.  It is quite interesting and funny.

http://marriage.about.com/od/intimacy/tp/createintimacy.htm

This website points out different things that couples can do to create more intimacy in their marriage.  It suggests things like leaving romantic notes and deepening the relationship.  This shows that there is more to intimacy then just being the the sensorimotor phase. 

http://holidays.lovingyou.com/guides/intimacy/

This website has resources that help couples to develp their sexual intimacy.  It refers to sex as a "natural impulse to express your emotions to the highest degree."  This shows that sexual intimacy is not just a physical thing.

http://www.foreverfamilies.net/xml/articles/marital_intimacy.aspx

This article refers to intimacy as "the closeness of your relationship with your spouse - emotionally, spiritually, intellectually, sexually..."  This again shows that intimacy isn't just sensorimotor as the unity model points out.  There is also the cognitive and affective areas that need to be worked on in order for a marriage to have intimacy.

Emanuel Swedenborg

 

This is a link to the Wikipedia page on Swedenborg. It contains his biography, spiritual and scientific beliefs, as well as links to his books and other references.

 

Deborah Tannen

 

This link is to Deborah Tannen’s Wikipedia page.  It contains her biography, a link to her homepage at Georgetown University, her  books, and also some definitions on terms commonly found in her writings.

 

Joshua Coleman

 

This link is to Joshua Coleman’s homepage. From here you can find his books, speaking appearances, articles, blogs and forums about  him and his teachings.

 

Laura Schlessinger

 

This is a link to Dr. Laura’s homepage. You can e-mail her, listen to her radio show, find her books, personal appearances, and blogs.