Gender Unity:

Annotated Bibliography

by Brigitlynn Duclos

http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy20/g20lecturenotes459.htm

1.Preface

This is the first report, out of three, that will be written on the topic of gender and discourse. This report is for Psychology 409b, spring of 2004. Dr. Leon James is instructing this class. Generation 20 is a part of Dr. Leon James experiment; so to say with each of his 409b classes he teaches each semester. I am participating in the 20th generation, which means that there were 19 generations, or semesters before mine. I am excited to be a part of this experience because its interesting to see how each generation improves on their reports do to new technology and experience with computers, also how people progress over the semester with their thoughts and knowledge on their topic of study.

It made me feel much better when the students mentioned that it was easy if you followed the instructions. Also, many students were pleased with the fact that they were able to correct their reports and turn them in revised. Most importantly the students were satisfied with what they gained in knowledge about the subject and course matter. I am a little scared that my reports will not be as impressive as the earlier generations, but I will work hard to make them great. I am also excited to continue in the generational reports with my own work because I think that I am a part of something that will benefit others. I am anxious to see what the semester will bring me in this class and hoping to see improvements in my reports. The topic of gender and discourse is interesting and will be beneficial throughout my relationships and my life.

http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/409bs2002/kris/report1.html

The link above will take you to Kristin Ching’s report 1 on the Emotional Spin Cycle-The Four Options and the Two Bridges: Annotated Bibliography. Kristin is from the spring 2002-G16 class. Kristin explains the Spin Cycle as a model to help one understand how they deal emotionally with certain situations when they occur. The first thing you learn in this report is that people form three different types of habits known as habits of: feeling, thinking, and sensation, or the model refers to a sensation as an acting out, or behavior. The Three Fold Self operates on two specific arenas of life; the arena of others/world represents the red zone, and the arena of self, which represents the blue zone. In these arenas we can react in a positive or negative way, which create, The Four Options. The idea of the model is to recognize the zone you are in at any time or situation and be able to adjust accordingly. The report goes on to discuss different topics and situations and explains how the model applies to each. It was interesting to see how it can be used in topics such as media violence, alcohol and drug abuse, leadership, religion, gender etc.

http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/409bf2001/reaves/report1.html

This second report is by Nicole Reaves from the fall 2001-G15 class, and it is also on the Emotional Spin Cycle. When she explained the model, I was shocked to find out that most people spend their day on the negative side of the cycle. This is why the Emotional Spin Cycle is important to understand, it helps us become more aware of our emotions so that we can spend more of our day functioning on the positive side. The model shows that it is possible to change from the negative side of the cycle to the positive side through what is known as the red and blue bridge. If you are aware that you are feeling a negative emotion such as anger, you can change your impaired thoughts to get you across the bridge. Nicole goes on to focus on emotions, the Three Fold Self and controlling aggression.

http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/409bf2003/bellew/report1.htm

This last report is by Bellew from fall 2003-G19 semester. This report is different in that it focuses on coping with new information behaviors. I thought this report to be very interesting because it consisted on pre and post ratings on four different tasks. The purpose of the assignments was to document empirically the characteristics of the students’ information behaviors. In other words, the student had to write down cognitive and affective information behaviors, as well as errors and facing due dates. In reading this report I realized that I am going through the same feelings, thoughts, and emotions that Bellew went through. They are feelings of uncertainty and anxiety, thoughts of whether I will be able to accomplish every task on time and correctly, and emotions on frustration and anger.

2.Introduction

The topic of this course is on gender and discourse. In this class we examine and learn about gender relationships through the study of discourse. Gender discourse is defined as three interacting domains known as the individuals, “Threefold Self”. This class focuses on the idea that when a man and a women achieve all three levels of unity in the Threefold Self then the two partners of the couple have become one. This is said to be the inmost unity level. I think the purpose of this class is to understand each gender and the different ways they think and behave in all three of our interacting domains. I am involved in this topic because I interact and have different relationships with people of a different gender. It helps me understand my relationships with my friends, family, and people I date. I think that this class will help me to better understand why people think and behave the way they do, and it will help me better understand my future relationships and hopefully help them grow.

3.Annotated Bibliography on Gender Unity

Category 1: Articles on Gender Relationships :

Article #1. Rage-Depression Survey Results--Gender by Leon James and Diane Nahl

http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/driving/surveys/rage_depression-gender.htm

1- This first article has different surveys about emotions on gender differences. Table 1 explains how women have a more compassionate atmosphere then men do by about 10%. Also, that men see themselves as more angry then women see themselves by about 7%. I picked this idea because it shows how men and women differ in the aspect of masculinity and femininity.

2- My second idea comes from table 2 on the self serving bias effect. This is the idea that people see themselves better than others for example more compassionate or less angry. This is important in a relationship because it comes to play with the fact that sometimes there are these feelings in a relationship when one thinks the other is wrong and that they are right.

3- My third idea comes from table 18 on gender differences on feeling out of control. More women tend to have feelings of being out of control or feeling disturbed than men do by about 23% on a daily hourly basis. On a average, 54% of women and 47% of men feel disturbed or emotionally out of control. I believe this data to be accurate because I am a women and feel frustrated many times throughout the day.

Article #2. Masculine and Feminine by George H. Woodard

http://www.newchurchissues.org/wip/MF/mf88qw.htm

4- One idea from this article is on the conjunction of souls and minds in a marriage. It states that there are duties proper to the man and to the women that cannot enter into each others duties in marriage. Each gender has its own functioning in a relationship. I picked this idea because it demonstrates reciprocity in a marriage, the unity increases with diversity of composing elements.

5-Another idea on reciprocity in this article is on marriage in heaven. Both genders have understanding and will, but the man has more understanding and in contrast the women has more will. However, in heavenly marriages there is no predominance because each think alike and therefore are conjoined into one. This is an example of reaching the highest level of unity in the unity model. This may be reached on earth or in the afterlife in heaven.

6- The last idea that I picked from this article is on the divine providence, by the Lords divine love and wisdom. There are essential differences within genders which may call from either predominance of the man or the woman. Most major uses need the union of both genders to make relationships stronger. I picked this idea because it also follows the idea of reciprocity in which difference in genders work good together and create a whole, or in other words a single unite.

Article #3 The Difference Between the Sexes from Divine Revelation and from Experience by Sarah Headsten http://www.newchurcheissues.org/wip/MF/mf01sh.htm

7- This article is interesting because it defines the differences between a man and a women. I found it particularly interesting that a man is born to be a form of understanding. The man is suppose to love wisdom and also know, understand, and be wise. The wives are in return lovers of their husbands wisdom and their desire to be united to them is constant. This is relevant to class discussions because we talked about the woman having more of an affective self which is the first domain in the threefold self. Women have a more conjoint self which have more external feelings, motivations, wishes, and wants.

8- The woman is a form of love of one of the sex. The woman is said to be the carrier of conjugal love. Her duty is to become a love of her husbands wisdom. I agree with this because it differentiates the man between the woman. The man is more goal oriented and masculine and the woman is more affectionate and feminine.

9- The last idea I picked from this article is to show the major differences between a man and a woman. Men are goal oriented and find fulfillment in accomplishments. They value power, and achievements and are motivated when they feel needed. The woman are people oriented and find fulfillment in helping others and value relationships. I think that men and women are alike in that they feel good in helping others and like to feel needed.

Article #4 Doctrine of the Wife for Husbands-A Spiritual Practice for Achieving Unity--Part 1 by Leon James

http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy/instructor/gloss/wife.html

10- The first idea in this article that I was interested in was on the surrendered wife and husband. It say’s that the husband’s regeneration efforts must be focused on and through his wife. The wife is known for her knowledge and inner perception that guides the marriage. The husband therefore needs to willingly give into her wisdom and perception. I believe that if the man agrees with the woman, then he should give in to her because woman have a better insight than men.

11- A woman’s will and a man’s understanding unite themselves in a relationship. This union is formed from the conjugal union and reciprocal union from both the will and the understanding. This is a form of reciprocity because the man has more understanding than the woman, yet she has more will than the man therefore they fulfill each other in there needs.

12- Both men and women have will and understanding, yet the man predominates the understanding and the woman predominates in will. However, this article states that in a heavenly marriage, there is no predominance and the two conjoin and are mutually linked together. They each love and think like one another therefore form a reciprocity and are conjoined into one. When this happens, the couple and marriage have reached perfect unity.

Article #5 The Doctrine of the Wife (Shorter article) by Leon James

http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/doctrine-of-the-wife2.htm

13- An important idea from this article comes from a man’s perspective on conjugal love. Conjugial love can be hard to gain at the beginning of a relationship. This is hard because of the man’s desire for his own independence. The man develops a unit of life and self-fulfillment. When marriage comes close to a man he feels he will loose his freedom. However, as we learned in class while we mature in a relationship, we see that true freedom is in a marital union. This is because the man and the women do not compete with each others thoughts or feelings when they have reached the highest level of unity.

14- In contrast to the statement above unlike men, women are born with an inclination of getting married and move to creating an internal or spiritual union. However, this move towards union is only desired if the man desires it also. Unfortunately, a man’s inclination is for having multiple sexual partners and show resistance to union with only one woman. This again changes gradually as the relationship progresses and as the man learns to give in willingly to a woman’s wisdom.

15- My last idea from this article is on the conjugal commandments. This states that the future of humanity and in reaching conjugal love depends on the ability of the man in learning to conjoin with his wife in the mind, internally and on a more spiritual level rather than just on her external body and other possessions. This is hard to achieve and takes practice and effort from the man.

Category 2: Generational Curriculum: Student Reports on Gender and Driving

Article #1 Gender Differences in Driving Norms. Are Men More Aggressive Drivers Than Women? By Sheri Lieberman

16- My first idea form this article is on defining the gender differences in aggression. It is a proven fact that men carry more testosterone than women. Testosterone is the male sex hormone that is associated with aggression. With this fact we can conclude that men are more aggressive when we talk biologically. What we have to test is whether this accounts for social learning aspects as well. I think this is an important fact because it reminds us that the male and female bodies are built and made differently.

17- What causes aggression? This is the second idea I took from this report. Frustration is said to be a major factor in causing aggression. In a class presentation we learned that men tend to have more feelings of rage, feeling distracted, and feeling angry. Also, in the frustration aggression theory, it states that more feelings of frustration occur when a person thinks that they are being prevented from achieving a goal causing an increase in aggression response or aggression behavior depending on the situation. This makes me think that men are more aggressive drivers because they are goal oriented and find their fulfillment in accomplishing goals.

18- The results from this particular report supports the fact that males are more aggressive drivers than females. They show higher aggression levels while driving and have more variability in the group. The mean aggression level for males and females was 54.35 to 42.12. The standard deviation was 28.12 to 19.62 and the range was 103 to 60. As you can see the males dominate in aggression in all three levels.

Article #2 Gender differences in Driving: subjective or concrete? By Jason Thompson

19- In this report the student had to summarize other student’s reports and what caught my eye was some of the stereo types said about male and female drivers. One of the stereo types you hear all of the time is that men are less likely to ask for directions and women are more likely to do so. I think this arises from the idea that men are goal oriented and find pleasure when a task has been accomplished.

20- Another statement, or reality is that women use to be more timid and men more dominate in a society point of view. This has changed over time, but I do feel that men still seem to play a bigger role in society. On the other hand, I think that when it comes to relationships, women have the more dominate role in the way things are done in the relationship and to the extent to what is said and how is heard.

21- Another interesting fact is that although women were thought to be more timid then men, the reality is that more and more women are driving now, about 50% of motorist in the United States are women. Changes in our society have raised the number of women involved in aggression caused accidents and this may be the cause from more women being involved in the working society and having high positions in powerful companies. This could be a factor because as we learned earlier, frustration plays a major role in aggression and many of these women may be frustrated in their work place.

Category #3 Articles on Analyzing Talk by Leon James

Article #1 Instructions for Studying Discourse in Talk Topic, Argument, Setting and Relationship

http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy/instructure/talk/talk1.html

22- The first idea I came across was very new to me, it said that talk, or discourse consists of five different elements being; topic, argument, sequence, relationship, and setting. I think that these five elements also go in the order I listed. The most important factor in a conversation is the topic being discussed. The second, argument is the discussion that is made between the people holding the conversation. The sequence is the order the people talk in, for example interrupting and taking turn’s. Next is the relationship between the comfort ness between the people in the conversation. Lastly is the effect that the setting places on the conversation.

23- A question that arose in this article was the question of, why do we talk. We discussed in class the question to why we interact and we came to the conclusion that we interact to communicate, to bond in relationships, and maybe the most important, to influence our control of power. I think that these reasons also describe why we talk. There are different ways to communicate and to bond, but it would be more difficult to influence our control of power without talk.

24- My last idea from this article comes from the analysis of topic. An example of this is when a person changes the topic of conversation and therefore creates a longer pause than usual before starting to talk again. This pause is called longer inter-turn pauses and is considered of high considerateness. The length of inter-turn pause is made between two statements and is seen as being a cultural variable.

Article #2 The Behavioral Technology of Discourse Analysis

http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/499s2000/banaag/file15.html

25- One of the statements I found interesting was that discourse is the visible organization of invisible mental and affective states. In other words, the invisible mental and affective states determine or influence the individuals actions or characteristics. This is true because it just means that what you are thinking and what you feel are shown through the actions of the individual.

26- In contrast to what is mentioned above, it is also stated that language itself gives clues to a persons thoughts and feelings. Of course what you say tells a person what you are feeling about a certain topic or situation. Language is a way to express yourself. Sometimes this may be a problem for example in relationships when two people don’t see eye to eye and they let the other person know. However, it also helps a relationship grow in that the couple are able to understand one another’s point of view.

27- The last idea I will bring up is on the three levels of verbal behavior. These are the same as the threefold-self, the sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective. Each levels demand our attention in different ways and depend on different situations.

Category #4 Generational Curriculum: Student Reports on Analysis of Talk

Article #1 Daily Round Archives http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/499cl97/andrews/intro499.html

28- First of all the daily round archives are past thoughts and feelings of UHM psychology students. These students were given questions and had to respond to them by what they thought. Its interesting because like the article said, its almost like a time capsule because you can see what people use to think about a certain topic and see if thinking has changed throughout the years.

29- This article consists of students keeping tracks of their daily activities. Some of them are very similar in the types of things they like to do. Also, most of the students are males and come from a “local” family or an Asian or Hawaiian/Pacific Islander background. Also, all but one of the five have a boyfriend or girlfriend. The only major difference is their occupation.

30- I noticed that in many of these conversations they were talking pidgin. There was interruption and overlap in many of the conversations. Interruption can be either seen as rude or as cooperative depending on the culture. In this culture it may be a form of high involvement style and just fast pacing. However, at times when they are arguing, interruption may be seen as a form of wanting control or showing dominance or power.

4.Conclusion

After doing this assignment I learned a lot about the cognitive, and biological differences between men and women. The articles, along with the students reports on the Threefold-Self and on the Emotional Spin Cycle expanded my ideas and views on how and why people behave as they do. This assignment also taught me how I can control or improve my daily emotions. These facts are useful to me so that I can spend most of my day on the positive side of the Spin Cycle. What I learned about the differences between genders will help me in my future relationships. I do think that if more people followed the “unity” model and used this approach, relationships would be stronger and people would be happier.

If people were to use the approach of “unity” I think that gender roles and stereo types will stay the same. If any change, the woman might seem as the one more in control in the relationship, but in general from societies point of view, things will remain the same. If the idea does spread, both genders would be better off because the relationship between the two will grow. However, the woman might benefit a bit more because it is the man who must give in willingly to her wisdom. This concept of “unity” will affect the way I engage in gender relationships because I will try to follow the idea to unify my own relationships.

5.Future Generations

To all the future generations participating in this experience; it may seem like a lot of work, especially in the beginning, but you are given instructions to follow as you write your reports. This class is very time consuming, but it’s not that bad if you stay on track or even get a head start. One thing that I can not stress enough is to save, and keep saving your report as you write it. Also, save it on to more than one disk! These two factors are very important, I had to retype three hours worth of work all over again. For me the hardest part of the assignment was learning how to post our reports on the web, but if you don’t know how to do that, there is a lab that you can go to for help. You may feel stressed out in the beginning, but the topic of discussion is very interesting and will become very beneficial to you in your future. I have already gained a lot of knowledge on this topic of gender and discourse. This class has opened my eyes to see things in a different perspective. Good luck to all the future generations!

Home Page- http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj//409bs2004/duclos/home.htm

G20 Class Home Page- http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/leonj/leonpsy20/g20classhome.html