FN,LN,How Drivers Communicate,G8 Spring 1998, Psychology 459 craig...luv u!!

Report on How Drivers Communicate:
The Importance of Communication on the Road

My Table of Contents

  • Instructions for this Report

  • A Synopsis of Kristin Subia's(G6) Report on How Drivers Communicate
  • A Synopsis of Andrew Shapiro's Report on The Effectiveness of Gesture Communication
  • A Synopsis of Kristin Evert's (G7) Report on How Drivers Communicate with Each Other
  • A Synopsis of Mary Elizabeth Pacheco's (G7) Report on How Drivers Communicate with Each Other
  • My involvement in Searching Usenet and the Web
  • My Involvement in Searching the CSS Engine and Site Indexes
  • My Involvement in Searching the Journal Database ERIC and Uncover
  • How Drivers Communicate According to J. Peter Rothe
  • How My Report Compares to Those of My Fellow Classmates
  • Conclusion

  • A Synopsis of Kristin Subia's Report on How Drivers Communicate

    Kristin Subia's report on How Drivers Communicate with Each Other briefly describes six situations when drivers communicate with eachother, three methods of communication and the effectiveness of communication.

    The 6 situations of driver communication are:
    1.Making turns
    2.Changing lanes
    3.Yielding the way
    4.Making room in one's lane for someone
    5.Tailgating and overtaking
    6.Racing

    The 3 Methods of Communication are:
    1.Vehicular communication
    2.Verbal communication
    3.Gestures and facial expressions


    The Six Situations of How Drivers Communicate in Detail

    Making Turns
    According to Kristin Subia's report, the most common type of turning is at an intersection or into a driveway. The type of communication drivers use while turing are, using their blinker, eye contact, and/or hand gestures, such as a wave.

    These type of non-verbal communication appears to be very important while driving because a blinker tells the other drivers that you want to turn, and in what direction you will be turning. Eye contact is also important because it is a non-verbal communication among drivers. Eye contact lets the driver know if they have the right of way at an intersection. For example, a driver may make eye contact with another driver at an intersection to let them know if he/she has the right of way to turn, or if the other driver has the right of way. Another way a driver communicates while driving is by using hand signals, such as a wave to signal to another driver that he/she can turn and or cut in front of them.

    Changing Lanes
    When a driver changes lanes, the use of blinkers is necessary. Majority of drivers communicate with each other by using their blinkers to let the other cars know what their intentions are. However, there are some drivers who feel they do not need to communicate with other drivers when changing lanes, and I find that to be disrespectful, because it requires only a little flick of the fingers to use the blinkers. Another way drivers communicate while changing lanes is by speeding up and/or slowing down. According to Kristin, speed is important because drivers asess the speed of other cars to determine if it's safe to change lanes.

    Yielding the Way
    Yielding to other drivers, bikers, and/or pedestrians also require some form of communication, such as, eye contact and/or hand signals.

    Although Kristin Subia does not discuss those type of communications, I feel they are very important signals to use because eye contact allows other drivers and/or pedestrians know that you notice them, and hand signals are also another way of acknowledging another driver and/or pedestrian. In this section, Kristin Subia does mention how a driver needs to look around intently and eagerly to see if another driver is coming before proceeding at a yield sign.

    Making Room in One's Lane for Someone
    In this section Kristin provides a hypothetical situation, however, I feel it does not relate well to how drivers communicate because it does not thoroughly explain the types of communication drivers may use while they are trying to change lanes.

    She tries to make the reader imagine that he/she is driving to work quite peacefully, until another driver sticks out their arm and gives a mean look to signal they want to cut in front. Therefore, since the other driver looked meanly, you allow him/her to cut in front of you. Since you allowed the car to cut in front of you, you are now late to work because you did not make the red light, but the car you allowed to cut in front of you did. I really don't know the purpose to her senario, but the communication among drivers I found was the hand gesture (sticking out the arm to cut lanes) and facial expressions of looking mean.

    I feel drivers communicate by also using their blinkers and looking towards the side and/or turning their heads to see if it is clear to cut.

    Tailgating and Overtaking
    In this section Kristin explains that tailgating and overtaking is not bad to do if a driver is in a rush to get somewhere and if they do it safely and legally.

    In this section, I think Kristin is trying to explain that tailgating and overtaking is a form of communication that drivers use to let other drivers know they are driving too slow.

    Racing
    In this section Kristin describes her experience of cars racing on the freeway. Although her description of the race is quite clear, I do not feel she points out the type of communication the drivers used very well.

    However, I feel the type of communication she is trying to explain is the revving of the engine, eye contact between the drivers, speed, and changing of lanes .


    The 3 Methods of Communication in Detail

    Vehicular Communication
    A Car is equipped with several forms of equipment drivers use to communicate with each other, such as blinkers, brake lights, and a horn. The blinkers are used to tell other drivers that you want to turn and/or change lanes, and in what direction you will be going. The brakelights are used to communicate to other dirvers that you will be slowing down and/or stopping, and the horn is used to get someone's attention, for instance, if they are blocking traffic, are not proceeding when the light is green, and if they are swerving in your lane.

    Kristin also explains other ways of vehicular communication, such as revving of the engine,swerving or driving close to a lane, and tailgating.

    According to Kristin, revving of the engine indicates that a drivers wants to race another driver and/ or a driver is "showing off." Swerving or driving close to a lane indicates that a driver wants to change lanes or merge, and tailgating another driver communicates that the driver is in a rush, the driver is driving too slow and/or it's a way to get back at another driver when you feel they had disrespected you in any way.

    Verbal Communication
    Verbal communication among drivers do not appear to be as common as vehicular communication. According to Kristin, the only type of verbal communication she noticed among drivers was drivers cursing and/or protesting to other drivers. She did not give much details in this section of her report.

    Gestures and Facial Expressions
    Facial expressions expresses a person's emotional state. It communicates to other drivers your mood, for example, a smile indicates to other drivers you are in a happy mood, a frown or a blank expression may communicate to drivers that you are not friendly and/or irritated. Another form of facial expression, is stares. According to Kristin stares communicate to other drivers that they have done something wrong to you. Kristin said that she uses that form of communication (stares) a lot when she drives.

    Gestures, such as a hand movements acknowledges that you notice other drivers, pedestrians, and/or bicyclists. Hand movements such as a wave, is a way to say "thank-you" to other drivers. For example, a wave is used when drivers want to say "thank-you" for letting them into your lane.

    Effectiveness
    Kristin states that all the methods of communication (vehicular, gestures, and facial expressions) are effective, but she does not state why they are effective or why she feels they are effective. However, she does explain her experience of travelling to Europe, and how she noticed some types of communication among drivers seemed to be universal. She did not state what type of communication were universal, but, she did say that the "shaka sign" was not.


    A Synopsis of Andrew Shapiro's Report on The Effectiveness of Gestural Communications

    Andrew Shapiro did a mini-observational study on The Effectiveness of the Gestural Communications Invlolving Drivers Requesting the Right-of-Way. The purpose of his observational study was to determine what type of nonverbal communications, if any, were used by drivers at a four-way intersection. He was also interested in what type of gestures were the most effective at the four-way intersection.

    Andrew Shapiro did his observational study at the intersection of Benjamin Holt Drive and Gettysburg Place in Stockton, California, and observed drivers for a period of two days between the hours of 3pm and 6pm. In the 3 hour period, he observed about 4,590 vehicles, but recorded 28 episodes of gestural communication between drivers.

    Through his observations, Andrew Shapiro observed that less than 1% of drivers actually used an obvious gesture at a four-way intersection, therefore he concluded that many drivers used others ways of communicating the right to proceed first or yield. Another observation he found was that some drivers appeared to use their vehicles to demand their right-of-way. For example, He observed male drivers in "souped-up," "muscle" cars, or large trucks to be aggressive at a four-way intersection. The males would demand the right-of-way by approaching the intersection with a lot of speed before stopping or not make a complete stop at the intersection. However, he did observe that these aggressive drivers always seemed to get their way at the four-way intersection.

    Another observation that was noted by Andrew Shapiro, was that some gestures used at the four-way intersection were not universally understood by all drivers, which caused confusion on who had the "right-of-way." For example, he states that he observed two males at the intersection who had a form of miscommunication, probably because they did not understand what the other driver was telling them, therefore, they repeatedly gestured to the other the right-of-way. This type of miscommunication caused "herky-jerky" movements between the vehicles according to Andrew Shapiro because one vehicle would start across the intersection while the other vehicle was also approaching.

    Andrew Shapiro also observed negative forms of communication among drivers. Of the 28 nonverbal meetings he observed, 10 appeared to have negative notions. For example, the gestures observed were honking the horn, shaking a fist, a disgusted head shake, and/or "flipping the bird." The main reason these forms of gestures were used were because of a driver taking advantage of the other driver with respect of the right-of-way.

    In conclusion, Andrew Shapiro was quite shocked by the rude and obnoxious behaviors shared among drivers. Nonetheless, he feels his mini-observation went well because he did what he set out to do, and that was to find out what gestures drivers used and which were the most effective.

    A Synopsis of Kristin Evert's Report on How Drivers Communicate with Each Other

    Kristin Evert's report consists of 3 main sections.
    The 3 sections are:
    1. introduction
    2. her predictions
    3. observations and evaluations

    Introduction

    Kristin Evert's introduction includes a brief description of Kristin Subia and Andrew Shapiro's reports. The two reports are the same reports that I gave a brief synopsis of.

    Prediction and Methods

    In this section, Kristin explains how she observed the way drivers communicate over a period of 2 weeks. She noted her observations on a tape recorder that she carried with her in the car at all times during her experiment.

    Kristin also explains what she chose to pay close attention to, they are:

  • type of car
  • gender of driver
  • location of driver
  • the time of occurrence

    Kristin also describes 2 types of communication. The first type is car communications, and a example of car communication is tailgating. The second form of communication is physical driver communication. According to Kristin, physcial driver communication includes facial expressions,hand gestures, and verbal communication.

    Lastly, Kristin states her predictions for her experiment.

    She predicts:

  • people in sports cars are more likely to exhibit car communication than people who drive non-sports cars
  • females are more likely to wave or have pleasant facial expressions to communicate than men
  • drivers in the Honolulu area are more likely to use car communication than drivers in the Windward side
  • drivers are less likely to wave, use pleasant facial expressions, or physical driver communication at night; and are more likely to use car communication at night vs. during the day.

    Kristin's Observations and Evaluations

    Kristin observed 3 situations of driver communication.

    Observation #1
    The first situation happened while she was driving on Kalaniana'ole Highway. She was driving home, and needed to merge into a lane, but the truck that was behind her did not allow her in, so she decided to speed up and cut infront of a van. However, although the van did not show any signs of anger that she cut in front of him, the truck that did not allow her in did. The truck driver decided to turn off his regualr headlights and use his bright fog lights to shine into her car.

    In her evaluation, Kristin states that at first, she felt that the driver of the truck was doing it on purpose to irritate her because he/she did not want to let her in the lane. However, she also states that it was possible that the driver of the truck thought his fog lights would be less of a nuisance to her than the regualr lights, or that the fog lights was enough to use since the roads are well lighted.

    Although Kristin tries to look at all the possible reasons why the truck chose to shine his fog lights into her car, I feel that the most reasonable reason is because he/she was purposely doing it because if the fog lights were brighter than the regular headlights like she stated, then it does not make sense for him to use it in a brightly lit road. Therefore, I feel the situation she encountered was unfortunately a negative form of a driver communicating with her.

    Observation #2
    The second situation Kristin describes occurred while she was waiting to cross the street by the Law Library on Dole Street. She explains that there was a girl who was still in the crosswalk when they light turned green for the cars. Since the girl was still in the crosswalk walking, a car filled with young men decided to honk their horn for almost 5 seconds at her before they drove away.

    In her evaluation, Kristin strongly states her belief of pedestrians having the right of way. However, although she felt sorry for the girl, she also states that the boys in the car could have been in a rush, or could have been frustrated because they may have caught other red lights while travelling on Dole Street.

    In my opinion, I believe that the girl crossing the street was at fault because it seems obvious that she stepped onto the crosswalk at the last minute. I believe that pedestrians who cross at a crosswalk are given enough time to cross before the light changes, and the only reason why someone is still crossing the street when the light changes is because they did not want to wait or felt they could make it across before the light changed even when they red hand is flashing.

    Observation #3
    The last observation Kristin made occurred while she was driving to school on Pali Highway. She explains that a female driving a van was about to cut into a lane, but noticed at the last minute that she would hit a black porsche, so she quickly swerved back into her lane. However, the driver of the porsche became upset and decided to cut the driver of the van off, and when he was in front of her, the driver of the porsche slammed on his brakes.

    In her evaluation, Kristin states that she believes there is no decent explanation for the driver of the porsche's behavior. Although the driver of the van made a mistake by not seeing the porsche at first, she feels that people make mistakes and fortunately in that case no one was injured. I must agree with Kristin that from her description, I do not feel that the driver of the porsche's behavior can be reasoned in any way because it was very dangerous, not only for the driver of the van, but also to the other drivers on the road and especially himself.

    A Synopsis of Mary Elazabeth Pacheco's Report on How Drivers Communicate with Each Other

    Mary Elizabeth Pacheco's report is about how drivers communicate with eachother. There are 4 main sections to her report.

    The 4 main sections are:

  • introduction
  • her course of study
  • observations
  • evaluations

    Introduction

    Mary Elizabeth Pacheco's introduction includes a brief description of Kristin Subia and Andrew Shapiro's reports. The two reports are the same reports that I gave a brief synopsis of.

    Course of study

    In this section of her report, Mary Elizabeth includes her methods, expectations, and her expectations of communication between drivers.

    Methods
    In this section, Mary Elizabeth explains that she will observe any form of communication among drivers in the afternoon and evening, and she will record her observations on a mini cassette recorder.

    Predictions
    Mary Elizabeth predicts that that the communication between drivers will most often be misinterpreted. She also predicts the communication between drivers influences a drivers behavior.

    Expectations
    Mary Elizabeth expects communication between drivers to be only one-sided, one driver communicates to another driver but the other driver does not respond. In this section, she also states that driver communication influences driving behavior in both negative and positive ways.

    Observations

    Mary Elizabeth observed 2 situations of driver communication on the road.

    Observation #1
    The first observation occurred on Kamehameha Highway. Mary Elizabeth observed a Mustang overtake a red BMW. While the male driver of the Mustang was overtaking the female driver of the BMW, he looked at her,smiled,and slowed down before speeding up to change lanes.

    According to Mary Elizabeth, the method of communication was smiling. However, she does not explain why she feels smiling was a form of communication and what it meant to her.

    In my opinion, the smile from the driver of the Mustang could have been a smile to indicate that he would be grateful if the driver of the BMW would allow him to cut infront. Another form of communication is when the driver of the Mustang slowed down before changing lanes. Slowing down communicated to the other driver that he wanted her attention before changing lanes.

    Observation #2
    Mary Elizabeth observed a female driver of a Lexus communicate to a female driver of a Volkswagen that she wanted to cut in front of her. The driver of the Lexus used two forms of communication, one was her blinkers and the other was a hand gesture, a wave

    Evaluations

    Mary Elizabeth explains that through her observations, she learned that the use of blinkers and hand gestures are the most used, the most understood, and the most effective among drivers. She also states that there are two types of hand gestures that are used among drivers. the two types of hand gestures are positive hand gestures and negative hand gestures.

    Positive hand gestures are waves that indicate acceptance and/or gratitude.

    Negative hand gestures is the middle finger, which indicates disapproval.

    My Involvement in Searching Usenet and The Web

    I was able to find 4 postings that related to driver communication using Deja News.

    
    
    Subject:      Re: Automobiles
    
    From:         gkogut@ucsd.edu
    
    Date:         1998/03/04
    
    Message-ID:   <6dkgg8$7u$1@nnrp1.dejanews.com>
    
    Newsgroups:   alt.bitterness
    
    In article <6df679$nu11@biko.cc.rochester.edu>,
    
      gewn@troi.cc.rochester.edu (Cat Chic) wrote:
    
     I could just *tell* that some car was going to run the red light.
    
    
    
     I display *my* obvious death wish by smacking these cars with the
    
     palm of my hand as hard as I can -- WHUMP -- and then walking off
    Yeeah! Back in my track days, and when I was smugly superior about not having owned a car through my early 20s (in retrospect, probably almost entirely due to poverty rather than principle), I used to consider every training run and all-out war with cars. It began when an oncoming driver thought it would be funny to act like he was trying to hit me by veering onto shoulder and hitting the gas. I dove off the road into a swampy, muddy area off the road, and ended up literally covered with ticks. Took me about 4 hours with hot oil and a needle to get those motherfuckers out, and then I had to get shots in case of Lyme disease.

    My arsenal consisted of every known obsene gesture, the WHUMP, and to impress my teammates, I developed the car steeplechase, where right after the car comes to a screeching halt, you leap up onto the hood, landing hard with both feet, and vaulting over. For particuarly close calls it was fun to just lunge forward onto the hood, secretly whumping to simulate a skull smacking against the hood, rolling off, then faking a massive head injury, like the chick in that car wreck in Blue Velvet. Just hold your head while mumbling a lot of nonsense. The hood launch freaked a few drivers out, but no one ever bought my head injury bit because I'm a shitty actor, and usually my teammates would be laughing at me the whole time.

    But now I drive a fucking Plymouth Voyager. Though, to me credit, I do park way off campus, and bike the last couple of miles in to avoid exorbitant parking fees. And on Tuesdays I bike all the way (12 miles or so) because I don't need the car to drive to practice.

    Now, as a rower, my problem is with whitetrash jet skiers, who think it's funny to wake me, and I'm pretty impotent, restricted to gestures and harsh language. And even that's risky, because they could sink me in an instant if they wanted to.

    Greg

    This particular posting disturbed me for many reasons. The first reason being that it is crass people, like the writer, that cause road rage and many negative driver communication. I really don't understand the point to his posting because it seems as if he's only trying to show-off his behavior, however, I don't think it's something he should be proud of.

    Nonetheless, I'm glad he posted it because it shows how there are some people who do not have self control. It's always good to remeber that two wrongs don't make a right, because the next time you may want to get back at another driver, remember that you are behaving the same way.

    
    
    Subject:      Dumbass Drivers
    
    From:         man4allseasons 
    
    Date:         1998/03/18
    
    Message-ID:   <351074AB.CD7@hotmail.com>
    
    Newsgroups:   alt.peeves
    I'm on my way home from work today,I'm making great time,possibly on my way to breaking my record for the quickest time from work to home.

    I was approaching an intersection and I noticed a Lincoln land yacht waiting for a break in traffic.I was about 300 feet from the intersection and the Lincoln pulls out in front of me and proceeds to accelerate to the blinding speed of 30 mph.

    I glance in my rearview and I don't see a thing.I know the Lincoln saw me,because it's a dreary cloudy day and I had my headlights on,I'm infuriated!!

    I try to pass the Lincoln,time & time again,but because of oncoming traffic and the slow speed of the Lincoln,I'm forced to trail behind for 11 miles,threatening and swearing the entire time.

    Finally the road expands to four lanes and I'm thinking I will be able to pull alongside the Lincoln and exchange some obscene finger gestures with the idiot who was operating that vehicle.

    I begin my move,but the Lincoln accelerates also,seemingly trying to avoid the impending confrontation.The traffic is getting heavier and the time to assail this jackass with curses and taunts is begining to run short.

    I think to myself,"screw it",I'm not following this twit to who knows where,just to vent some frustrations.I check my speed,and to my surprise,I'm doing 70 mph!!I ease off the accelerator,and all of a sudden I hear the high pitched whine of a police siren.I look in the rearview and see a state police cruiser moving up.....fast.

    I think to myself,"goddam,sonovabitch,motherfrickin' dickhead just had to pull out in front of me,and now I'm goinng to get a speeding ticket because of his idiocy!!"

    The cruiser pulls along side of me,and then ahead of me.I think to myself "YEA BABY,go get that dufus in the Lincoln!!",the cruiser is now far enough ahead of me,that I lose sight of it.I ease back into my relaxed mode.

    I had gone about 4 miles,I could see the flashing lights on the horizon. I'm approaching the scene.I see what looks to be a Lincoln."I hope he nailed that jackass",I think to myself.Getting closer,closer,YES!!!IT'S THE LINCOLN!!!!!

    The trooper is standing alongside the car writing a citation to the centurys old woman who is piloting the "Goodship Traffic Menace".I lay on my horn,the woman & the trooper both turn to look.I stick my hand out the window,raise it above the roof of my car,middle finger extended and shake it wildly!!I think "oh shit,the troopers gonna come after me for shooting him the bird!".I dive off at the next exit and take the backroads home,never seeing or hearing the cop.

    A small victory??,sure it was.But a victory none-the-less. -M4AS

    This posting gave me many mixed feelings. At first I sympathized with the writer because I could understand the way he felt towards the slow driver who pulled in front of him. However, as I continued reading his posting, I no longer sympathized with him because not only was he tailgating the driver, but he was also thinking about using obscene hand getures to communicate his rage further. Moreoever, I was appalled by his behavior when he saw the driver get pulled over by the the trooper. In my opinion, he behaved like a child, and the worst thing about it is that he seems to be proud of it too.

    
    
    Subject:      Re: Dumbass Drivers
    
    From:         "Jeffrey B. Zurschmeide" 
    
    Date:         1998/03/18
    
    Message-ID:   <3510AD02.5B70@cyberhighway.net>
    
    Newsgroups:   alt.peeves
    man4allseasons wrote: > I'm on my way home from work today,I'm making great time, possibly on myway to breaking my record for the quickest time from work to home. Alert ESPN. They'll want a camera crew on this one. I was approaching an intersection and I noticed a Lincoln... I try to pass the Lincoln,time & time again,but because of oncoming traffic and the slow speed of the Lincoln, I'm forced to trail behind for 11 miles,threatening and swearing the entire time. Not much of a driver, are you? >Finally the road expands to four lanes and I'm thinking I will be able to pull alongside the Lincoln and exchange some obscene finger gestures with the idiot who was operating that vehicle. Everyone's favorite pastime. You don't get out much, do you? > I think to myself,"goddam,sonovabitch,motherfrickin' dickhead just had to pull out in front of me,and now I'm goinng to get a speeding ticket because of his idiocy!!" No, because of yours, thimbledick.
    Peeve: They let people like this drive a car and vote when they can't even take responsibility for their own goddamn right foot.
    > The trooper is standing alongside the car writing a citation to the centurys old woman who is piloting the "Goodship Traffic Menace".I lay on my horn,the woman & the trooper both turn to look. I stick my hand out the window,raise it above the roof of my car, middle finger extended and shake it wildly!!I think "oh shit,the troopers gonna come after me for shooting him the bird!". I dive off at the next exit and take the backroads home,never seeing or hearing the cop. A small victory??,sure it was.But a victory none-the-less. Not quite as small as your dingus, but close. You're easily self-laureled. Victory? My hairy ass. Wander on down to the pool hall or other social venue tonight and strut in and order a straight whiskey. Toss it back and turn to the assembled dudes and babes and proudly in your best loud-enough-to-hear-in-the-john voice proclaim: "Yeah boys, I did it today. Yessirree. I flipped the bird to a little old lady who was pulled over getting a ticket, and then I ducked off the road at the next exit and skulked home for fear of reprisals. Yep, happened just like that. No shit. There I was." - I'm sure the women will all get wet to the knees just hearing reports of your studliness. The men will probably all experience bouts of impotence for weeks. Hell, the bartender probably won't even let you pay for your drinks. Jackass. Go away and never post here again. JZ

    The reason why I decided to post this particular posting is because I liked it since it was a response to the driver who gave the finger to an elderly lady who was receiving a ticket. I also liked it because the writer illustrates to other readers and to the person he is responding to, how ridiculous and unpurposeful his behavior was. I hope that others who read this posting realize that this type of behavior is not only childish, but also done out of stupidity.

    
    
    Subject:      Re: Gesticulation
    
    From:         ratter1@hotmail.com
    
    Date:         1998/03/18
    
    Message-ID:   <6eq0gg$gte$1@nnrp1.dejanews.com>
    
    Newsgroups:   misc.transport.trucking
    In article <350FA529.BF9806A@mindspring.com>, chip warterfield wrote:
    > Yes- Gesticulation. Fancy word isn't it? No Naked, it's not something for your 'stories' ges?tic?u?la?tion Pronunciation: je-"sti-ky&-'lA-sh&n Function: noun Date: 15th century 1 : the act of making gestures 2 : GESTURE; especially : an expressive gesture made in showing strong feeling or in enforcing an argument
    I am hoping some of the 'old-timers' can help me out on this one. Before the demise of the CB radio, Drivers used to communicate with hand signals while passing (gesticulation). The habit goes on today, but is usually just a wave as two trucks pass. It used to be that they could tell each other all manner of info with a number of different hand signals. I am seeking any info on these gestures for a compilation and web page. Thanks
    Chip

    I'm not an old-timer but I believe just one finger (the index finger, not the middle finger)or a wave of the hand meant everything was OK. Two fingers, a la Churchill, meant a speed cop was near. The same two fingers pointing down and waved left and right between the steering wheel and windshield meant that the infamous "whammy" was stretched across the road. The 'whammy' was two rubber air hoses stretched across both lanes (this was before 4-lanes were in common use)separated by a calculated distance. Your steering tires rolled over the first hose starting the timer and when they passed over the second hose the timer was stopped. This was about like using a stopwatch to check speed. Three fingers, generally wig-wagged left and right to get your attention, usually meant some kind of danger ahead, accident, rock in the road or whatever. Four fingers usually meant road construction or road closed. Hand out, palm up and waved with an up and down motion meant the scales were set up, or in the case of a permanent chicken coop, it was open. That's the way I remember it. I don't remember any finger signals ASKING for information. Of course, most asking was done in a truckstop of somebody that just came down the road you're heading up. I also remember being able to pull into a "shade tree motel" (a wide spot on the shoulder generally under a tree)and sleep like a baby. We would prop open the right-side door if it was hot out and not raining, stretch out across the seat and let the world go by.

    I found this particular posting to be interesting because I did not know that truck drivers used hand signals to communicate dangers, warnings, accidents, cops, etc...
    I think it would be neat if common drivers had that type of gesticulation as the truck drivers had to communicate to eachother. I also think that if there was that type of language among drivers, people would be more friendly and courteous to other drivers because everyone would be supporting eachother more (ex. warning others if a cop is at the corner, if theres an accident ahead). It would be like random acts of kindness, because if one driver warns you about a cop for instance, that may make you feel good, and you may do the same for another driver.

    Using the search engine Alta Vista, I found several sites that intersted me on the topic of driver communication.

    Site #1
    The first site is provided by Cornhill Insurance, and it is a site that provides information on road rage. It also provides ways on how we can avoid it, by providing a keep calm code.

    The Keep Calm Code according to Cornhill Insurance

    Keep calm. If you find yourself on the receiving end of verbal abuse, aggresssive hand gestures or and other form of intimidation. Do not try to return the hostility in kind.

    Ensure vehicle windows are closed if an aggressive road user approaches your vehicle on foot.

    Even on short urban journeys vehicle doors should be locked before you set off.

    Police need information to take action so even if you are not directly involved, note down the details of aggressors vehicle, in particular the registration number.

    Continue your journey as clamly as possible if another road user is trying to intimidate you by driving too close or attempting some reckless manoeuvre. Only pull over if you feel you are in danger of losing control of your vehicle.

    Attempt to pull over when there are plenty of people around if another road user is flashing their headlights or sounding thier horn at you. They may not be alerting you to a problem with your vehicle.

    Look for ways of attracting attention if you are stationary and another road user becomes physically aggressive. Flashing your headlights and sounding the horn may also cause the aggressor to back off.

    Mobile phones are useful ally to road users. Telephone the police immediately if you feel an aggressive situation could get out of control.

    I liked this particular site because it educates drivers on how to avoid road rage. I think it is very important because there are many drivers who do not know how to avoid road rage, therefore, having a site that provides information on it is a good way to help decrease the problem.

    Site #2
    The second site I found was titled Reduce Road Rage by Designing Cars with More "Body Language".

    This site discussed how road rage often results from miscommunication between drivers, therefore car horns should have a variety of different tones to commnicate different things.

    I found this particular site to be interesting, because I think giving a variety of tones to car's horn may be an effective way to ensure that communication between drivers is not misinterpreted. However, I think this would only be effective if drivers do not abuse it. I also liked this particular site because the visitor is able to rate the idea (giving car horns a variety of dirfferent tones) on a scale of 0 to 10 (10 being a great idea).

    My Involvement in Searching the CSS Engine and Site Indexes

    I was very unlucky in searching the CSS Engine and finding reports that related to driver communication. One of the reasons could be because I am not familiar with using that search engine, and another reason is that I probably was doing something wrong. Therefore, I did it the old-fashioned way, and I searched through each generation trying to find reports that were related to driver communication. Thus, I found 3 reports that I liked.

    Report #1
    Ryan Mitsui from Generation 4
    In his report Ryan admits that he was a driver who tailgated to punish the other driver for doing him wrong. He gives a good example of his tailgating experience. He writes that he was driving home of the freeway one day, and suddenly seen a truck driving fast in his rear view mirror and at the last minute the driver of the truck cut into the other lane. He said the truck barely missed hitting his car. He got really upset by that and decided to get back at the other driver for doing him wrong and for disregarding that he was also on the freeway. Therefore, he got back at the other driver by chasing him on the freeway and tailgating him at a speed of 75mph.

    Therefore, the type of of driver communication Ryan is describing is tailgating Although I do not agree with his behavior, I don't blame his for doing it because I too would've probably been upset if I thought another car was going to hit me due to reckless behavior. But, I don't think that this type of negative communication is necessary and useful on the road.

    Report #2
    Brandy Ashby from Generation 7
    Brady's report is titled How Driver's Communicate with Each Other. In her report, she describes a situation when a driver communicated with another driver. She explains that one day she was driving on the free way and noticed a Gremlin wanting to cut in front of a BMW. Therefore, the driver of the Gremlin communicated to the other driver by using his blinkers. Thus, the driver of the BMW allowed him to cut in from of him.

    The type of communication Brandy is discussing is vehicular communication. The blinkers is a good and positive way to communicate to other drivers because it tells other drivers what direction you will be turning and/or cutting lanes.

    Report #3
    Nancee Aki from Generation 2
    In her report, Nancee admits that she is a speeder who speeds because she is in a hurry and has the need to speed.

    I feel this is a type of driver communication because if I see a speeder on the road, it communicates to me that the driver is in a rush to get to his destination, he does not care about the other drivers on the road, he is not aware of the other drivers on the road, and that he/she is an aggressive driver. However, all of my interpretations may be wrong, and there may be other reasons why the driver is speeding, but it indeed is a form of driver communication.

    My Involvement in Searching the Journal Database ERIC

    Using the journal database ERIC I found 7 references to aricles that relate to driver communication.

    Basch, Charles E. Perceptions, attitudes, motivations, and behaviors of drivers 18 to 22 years old. New York: Clearing House, 1987.

    Malfettit, James L. and Winter, Darlene J. Safe and unsafe performace of older drivers: a descriptive study. New York:Columbia University, 1987.

    Malfetti, James L. Young driver attitude scale:The development and field-testing of an instrument to measure young driver risk-taking attitudes New York: Comlumbia University, 1989.

    Yee, Darlene and Milichar, Joseph F. Accident prevention through driving skills assessment and interventions for older drivers: a programmatic research project. California:San Francisco State University, 1992

    Nelson, Thomas M. Experimental intercomparisons of younger and older driver perceptions. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 1992-93,239-59.

    Yee, Darlene and Melichar, Joseph F. The health mobility and saftey lab at San Fransisco State University. Clifornia:San Francisco State University, 1994.

    Vail, Kathleen. Drive safely. American School Board Journal, 1996, 49-52.



    How Drivers Communicate According to J. Peter Rothe

    I found Rothe's book Challenging the old Order: Towards New Directions in Traffic Safety Theory to be quite interesting, but I could not find information directly related to driver communication, such as vehicular and physical communication.

    However, he does write about driver behavior and I find that to be a form of driver communication because our behavior, such as drinking and driving, may communicate to other driver's that we are irresponsible drivers. Therefore, according to Rothe, one of the ways to make the roads a safer place is to educate people on road safety, such as, promoting an awareness of safety and a feeling of repsonsibility on the roads.

    He also talks about the media, he feels that the media, such as how cars and driving are portrayed in movies and television may influence driving behavior, especially since the media sometimes over emphasizes bad driving behavior. Moreoever, although it may be only television and one should not believe what they see, the media fails to stress that it is not real life.

    How My Report Compares to Those of My Fellow Classmates

    Looking at the reports of my classmates who did it on How Drivers Communicate, I found all of them to be very well done. However, I liked Irene Barrineau's report because I enjoyed her section titled The Seven Sensible Signals. It is about hand signals that drivers should learn to aviod miscommunication.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, I hope my report will be very helpful to those who are interested in this topic. I would have liked to have done my own observations on driver communication, but I was not able to, due to time restraint, since this report required a lot of information and research from us. Thus, I don't feel totally satisfied with it. Hopefully future generations will be able to make their own observations on driver communication because I think it would be a good idea for 2 reasons. The first reason is that by observing other people's behavior as well as your own, it allows you to understand more clearly how drivers communicate. The second reason is that through observation of oneself and others, it is a good way to asess your own behavior, especially since driver communication is not always positive.

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