How Music Affects Drivers:
Past, Present and Future


Traffic Psychology: Design Instruction for Report 1


Table of Contents

Summaries of Student's Postings
Where to Begin?
Usenet
Web
What Next: Searching through the Generational Curriculum
Where to: Searching through Literatures
The Next Step: Searching through the Databases
My Final Reaction
Conclusion

Summaries to Student's Postings

In this part of the assignment, we were assigned to look at e-mail postings written by students in the Psy 459, Generation 7. These postings are located in the instruction for report 1. Looking at the student's reactions to music and driving, many students believe that music does affect how a person drive. In the excerpt that I've read, I felt that many students fail to realize that their aggressive driving behaviors are due to factors in the music they listened to. Somehow, the brain and body unconsciously react to the music a person is playing while driving. Many are surprise of their driving behaviors until they start being aware and learn to control their unconscious behaviors. There are many issues that students stated in their e-mail postings.

  1. If music affects the way a person drive, how about driving without music? This issue was raised many times and many of them found differences driving with or without music.
  2. Mr. Sasabe wrote: on a different day, I was driving and realized that the music was off. It was a big surprise because I was so calm and relaxed that it was almost like meditating. So I recommend that you should sometimes stop listening to the music in your car. It's really different!

    Mr. Miyoshi wrote: once in a while someone turns off the music in my car before I get in and when I realize that it is off it surprises me. I find myself almost in a meditative state when the radio is off. I am more calm and am able to control my feelings more!

    I am aware that driving with or without music in the car does affect the way a person drives. To me, music has its good and bad. The good is that it does relax me when I am in a tense situation, like driving in traffic or driving at night in unknown places. When I do drive in traffic, I am more tolerated of others mistakes. The bad thing is that sometimes music is a distraction. Especially, when a favorite song of mine comes up. I will listen more to the music than paying attention to the roads. I remember there are a couple of times that I was so absorbed into the music that I missed my turn. This is an example of careless mistakes that I've made while listening to music.

  3. How differences in music can affect how a person drive? For example, listening to rock music vs. slow melodious music. Many students believed that listening to different type of music can affect how you behave on the road. I for one do believe that different type of music does impact your life differently. Here are some responses by the students.
    Mr. Miyoshi wrote: it is interesting because rock music makes our hearts beat faster and that might get our adrenaline flowing and made us lose some of our senses.

    Mr. Shintani wrote: when I want to drive fast, I play a CD that has a powerful or fast beat. My favorite is the Top Gun soundtrack. If I want to relax while driving I would put in mellow CD like Kalapana or some type of soft rock.

    I feel that when I listen to upbeat type of music, I have more energy and feel more excited. Sometimes, I even feel restless that I begin to speed. I am aware that I am less tolerated of bad driving behaviors. I would get mad faster and I am in less control of my own behaviors. When I do listen to mellow types of music, I am more relaxed. I am more in control with my behaviors. Therefore, I pay more attention to the road. I usually don't have the impulse to drive faster but it's the opposite, I drive slower. How weird. I feel that I drive more aggressively with upbeat type of music than to melodious music.

  4. Can music have good effects on our driving technique or behavior? A lot of people see music as a distraction, but if you use it in a good way, it could be an advantage to many drivers. Most mellow music helps to relax a person and to make them less tense. Here are some of the examples given by the students.
    Mr. Shintani wrote: it has been proven in studies that playing of classical music in malls helps to reduce the amount to violence in these malls. It is done in two ways by mellowing or relaxing people and by staying away from a certain section of the community that causes a lot of the crimes.

    Ms. Ford wrote: I was aware of my tension in the car, so for several years now, I've used a melodious tape to mellow myself out when I am driving?Rain Melody, beautiful flute music, Ghandharva Veda music (supposed to bring harmony into the atmosphere). It seems to work for me.

    Mr. Lee wrote: slow music relaxes you and you get more mellow. If you don't believe it, then ever tried driving really fast with classical music. I did hear an interesting fact, babies in the womb become more calm children when mothers listen to classical music. Maybe classical music is the solution???

    Ms. Hashimoto wrote: when I am driving, music makes me relaxed and calm. I feel that when I am driving in traffic the music that I listen to helps me to feel less anxious and frustrated. I'm able to tolerate more unsafe drivers by letting them get a head of me. Music is an awesome way to relax when I'm driving.

    I feel that music does have an impact on life one way or another. If not driving, it has impact on our daily life. I feel that music are a way to enrich someone's life and reduce the stress we encounter daily. For driving, it would have profound effect if people steer away from listening to the type of music that promotes bad driving behaviors. Listening to mellow type of music, such as instrumental is a good stress releaser and it does not give someone a rush of adrenaline to do something risky.

How does music affect me when I am driving? Let's take a step back and look at the past. Dr. James wants us to review our own history of relationship with music in cars, starting with childhood as a passenger and ending with today. When I was a child riding in the car as a passenger, I did not realized that music can affect the behavior of a driver. I used to love changing station on the driver, especially to my dad. When I did not like a song on a certain station, I would just reach out and change the station. A lot of people get annoyed and I didn't understand why. Until I started driving and other people do it to me. Sometimes, this changing station, makes me lose my concentration on the road. It is because I get annoyed and I would have to listen to their music. Now, I learn to keep my hands to myself and listen to whatever music the driver's listen to. Being a passenger in a car does not give you the rights to mess around in other people's car and distract them from the road.

For many, being a teenager is the toughest time in a person's life. That is when peers matter the most and they have many influences over a teenager's life. Many teens like to take risk and have fun. Especially, driving on the road. I remembered how fun it was when a group of my friends would go cruising and do some wild things. Like racing, playing chicken, having fun in the car and not paying attention on the road. I remembered that music had a great influence on our reckless driving. We used to love listening to heart-pounding type of music. When upbeat type of music comes on, we become a little more reckless and we take a little more risk. That was a way of having fun. Now, I don't see that as a mean of having fun anymore. When I looked back, there were so many incidents where someone could have gotten hurt or even die. Worst of all, we didn't think about other people. We only thought about ourselves and how we believed that it couldn't have to us. But, now I know, it could happen.

After taking this class, I began to learn more about the actions we take. How our surrounding and the music we listen to can affect of driving behaviors. I am more aware of the music I listen to and try not to listen to heart-pounding type of music when I am angry. I used to always listen to upbeat type of music and it would make me more angry. Nowadays, I would listen to more mellow music and it does calm me down a little, especially when I am angry. Hopefully, I can learn to listen to any type of music and not affect my driving behavior. I would try to learn more about how I drive to different type of music and be more aware of it. This way I can learn to control my behavior. Eventually, good behavior will be an unconscious thing. Doing it without realizing that I am doing it.

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Where to Begin?

I used two different types of resources to find information on driving and music or just music alone. It was really hard looking for information regarding this topic because this is not a popular subject people would talk about. I haven't thought much about this topic until I started this class. There are two places that I turned to. One was using the newsgroups Usenet and the other was the Web.

Usenet

Let's talk about what type of Usenet I used. I used the newsgroup called Dejanews. There wasn't any information on driving and music so I had to go another way. I had to search for just music alone and how it affects us in general. Here are some of the information I found regarding music and the affects of music on different people.

Subject: Re: To Rich: Bad? A Feel Good Song?
From: "..:: stigge ::.."
Date: 1998/03/09
Message-ID: <3504B342.27A0161@fnord.net>
Newsgroups: alt.music.u2

Well, music is surely open to a lot of interpretation and affects different people in different ways - especially considering the ideas behind many songs aren't always clear at first, or possible ever even known to some people. The upshot is that a song - such as Bad - can make evoke different reactions to different people. Personally I can think of quite a few songs - U2 and non-U2 - that sound serious or hearbreaking, but make me feel good, and others which are upbeat but make me meloncholy. Maybe a lot of it depends on when you first hear the song...or what it reminds you of...

For me, Bad can go a lot of different ways depending on the situation I hear it in. Sometimes it lifts me up - sometimes it brings me crashing to earth. Music, esp. U2, is funny like that...

..:: stigge ::..

In my opinion, I think that that Stigge is right. Certain song evokes certain memory for a person depending on what the song reminds you of. Like Stigge said, songs that sound serious or heartbreaking, may make him feel good and songs that are upbeat may make him feel sad. Therefore, it depends on the situation you're in or you've had that make people react to different songs differently.


Subject: Re: Dark/melancholic music
From: scrmnjay@aol.com (Scrmnjay)
Date: 1998/03/09
Message-ID: <19980309202500.PAA06858@ladder03.news.aol.com>
Newsgroups: alt.support.depression

Music has always been a "companion" for me. It talks and expects nothing in return. I control what it says. It can cheer me or soothe me. Due to depression, I have spent a great deal of my life alone. Music fills a void. Music is like another life form. I can't explain why but I love music. Any kind , except opera. Be well . Bob

In this case, music is a way to help someone that are having problem. Music helps this person Bob to find something to fill the void in his life. Music affects me when I am sad. Sometimes, it cheers me up because what I feel are put into words. Hearing the lyrics of certain songs can release the emotion you feel inside.


Subject: Re: What does music mean????
From: virgsings@aol.com (Virgsings)
Date: 1998/03/10
Message-ID: <19980310034700.WAA25760@ladder03.news.aol.com>
Newsgroups: k12.ed.music

Dear Michelle,

Thank you for posting your question!

Music is a very personal experience for everyone. It evokes memories of every kind in a different way to every person who hears it. The same piece of music may mean something entirely different to you as it does to me. And that's OK. We all use music to help us through our various phases of life, for example, when you're sad you will usually listen to something matching your sadness. (the loss of a boyfriend/girlfriend, the loss of a loved one, even the loss of a pet). On the other hand, we have a tendency to listen to uplifting music when we are happy or in a "party mood". Just as when you were sad, you'll match your mood when you are happy too, etc.

Music is meant to allow us, as human beings, to express ourselves and release the emotions God gave us.

Music is also the vehicle we use to try to express our emotions when words simply don't work. Have you ever found something so incredibly moving that words just can't do it justice? That's the point at which music becomes the emotion for us. The music IS our emotion. Through it, we have the ability to come to terms with our circumstances, for whatever reason. (happy or sad or calm) Music is also an art form and sometimes doesn't have any meaning other than existing for the sake of being the "art form" itself. (i.e. "Industrial") I'm not saying that any particular style is wrong, I'm just trying to point out that they are all serving a different purpose in the whole gamut of the musical world.

Music is totally a personal expression of the artists. Each artist has what they perceive to be their "mission" in life. To evaluate and put a definition to the phrase "what is music", may cause us to intellectually sabotage our enjoyment of a truly individual experience.

If you really need a definition, here it is ....... In my training at music school, we were taught that music is made up of the following: 1. rhythm 2. melody 3. harmony

Do you think we should be accepting of any "music" that does not fit into this mold???????????

Thanks for posing an age-old, thought provoking, question!

Sincerely,

Virginia

Music is an expression, an emotion, an art, an experience and a vehicle for expression when words don't work. Music is anything you want it to be. Music is mainly a form of enjoyment. Without music, life would be so different.


Web

The other way I used was the Web. I used the search engine Yahoo. It was also very hard trying to find topics related to driving and music. Even on the Web, this subject wasn't talked about much. I typed in the search words driving and music and I come up with nothing. It mostly deal with music alone or driving alone. It does not have information on the combination of both topics together. Therefore, I resort to just searching for how music affects our daily life in general.

I found an article by Byron Friesen on How Music Affects Us. His article talks about how different type of music affects us. He also looked into some pro's and con's of the different type of music and lyrics. He talked about three different type of music: Gangsta Rap, Country and Rock. He talked a lot about the first type of music which is Gangsta Rap. Gangsta Rap is very popular and it's still growing. But many see that this type of music as a cause to violence in the community. Rap produce feelings in listeners that increased their aggressive behaviors. Therefore, many blame Rap for the increase in crime in America's youth and the decrease of family value. Next, he talked about Country music. These are more of a mellow type of music about life. He finds that sometime its meanings are deep and depressing. Sometimes, it's known to have caused teenage suicide because of it's depressing lyrics. But once in a while it's a nice change to be able to get away from those meaningless type of music to something that express quite a bit of emotions. The last type of music he talked about is Rock. This is an in-between type of music. He called it an in-between because sometimes, it's soft like Country and sometimes, it hard hitting like Rap. In a way, it has its own unique style. But it also has its bad side, Rock music does talk about killing, crime and death. Sometimes, it also contributed to teenage deaths. As you see, different type of music does affect the way how one feels and behaves.

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What next?:
Searching through the Generational Curriculum

The first report that I found was a report done by Canaan Machida on Mini Self-Witnessing Experiment. What she did in this experiment was to observe her behavior and thoughts while she was driving on the road. She picked two different Saturdays to observed her behaviors. The first day, she experienced a lot of negative driving behaviors and got mad quite often. In this experiment she learned that listening to certain type of music helps in releasing some stress. Therefore, on the second day of the experiment she learned to change her driving behaviors. When she realized that she is becoming impatient, all she had to do was to sing along with the CD or any type of music she was listening to. This helped to calm her down and not to get mad at the other driver. Overall, in her experiment music does play a part in controlling her feelings and instead of getting mad at the other drivers, she just sang. La De Da!!

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Where to?:
Searching through Literatures

Looking through the Rothe book, it was hard to find specific things that deals with music and driving. The closest thing that I could find was in chapter 3. In one section the author expressed his concerns about accidents and accidents on the road. The author suggested that accidents can be related to "sound". "Sound is a disturbance that propagates in an elastic medium. Sound can be described objectively by frequency and amplitude. Related to sound is the concept of noise. Noise is an unwanted sound" (Rothe, p.46). Music is sound and sound is the concept of noise. Many people abused the use of music as an entertainment. Music is for people to enjoy when they are at home or driving in the car. Some people listen to music at such a high frequency and amplitude that it is a disturbance to the driver as well as other drivers.

In chapter 7, the author stressed that education is important in traffic safety. There were four points and one of the point was that " so often, traffic safety educators look upon young driver accidents in a linear, causal way. For many crashes this approach has merit. However, a large number of crashes result from in-car activities or driver mood. A theme worth stressing is that inattention to the road arising from passengers, loud music, mental pressure or psychological escape, can lead to serious mishaps" (Rothe, p.146).

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The Next Step:
Searching through the Journal Database

Searching through the ERIC and UnCover database, I found some articles that are related to music.

Took, K.J. and Weiss, D.S. The Relationship between Heavy Metal and Rap Music and Adolescent Turmoil: Real or Artifact? Adolescence, 1994, 29, 613-21.

Arnett, J. The Soundtrack of Recklessness: Musical Preferences among Adolescents. Journal of Adolescents Research, 1992, 7, 313-31.

Lester, D. and Whipple, M. Music Preference, Depression, Suicidal Preoccupation, and Personality: Comment on Stack and Gundlach's Papers. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 1996, 26, 68-70.

Lehtonen, K. and Shaughnessy, M. Music as a Treatment Channel of Adolescent Destructivity, 1994.

Edwards, E.D. and Singletary, M.W. Life's Soundtracks: Relationships between Radio Music Subcultures and Listeners' Belief Systems. Southern Speech Communication Journal, 1989, 54, 144-58.

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My Final Reaction

Well, the report is almost done. All I have to do is to look at the other student's report and state my opinions of it. It's either good or bad. I first looked at Grace Lumabao's report. I found the presentation was nicely displayed. The background was nice except for the part that I can't read because it's white on white. Don't worry, I will tell her. Overall, she did a good report. She presented good datas that relates to music and driving. I like the comments she made of the different type of music can affect driving behaviors. I also like to drive with music on because it makes the time go by faster when you are in traffic.

In some ways we are practically writing the same things about music and driving but with our opinions and different ways of seeing a certain situation. In Ryan Shintani's report he started by asking the question of "are you tuning in or tuning out?" He expressed that sometimes music helps a person drives but some people might drive better without music. It all depends on the individual and the moods that they are in.

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Conclusion

After doing this report and taking this psychology class, I've learned a lot about the effects of music on individual. Don't you ever wonder why places like the mall or stores play music? At first, I thought it was purely for enjoyment purposes but now I could see that there might be another reason. A lot of the music we hear in the stores and the mall are purely classicals or slow rock. What I have learned is that these types of music have calming effects on the individual. Maybe, you'll buy more things. But, let's get back to how music affects driving behaviors. Like I mentioned earlier that classical music and slow rock music have calming effects on the individual, it would be the same when you are driving. Don't you noticed that those people who likes to speed and drive recklessly are listening to heart-pounding musics. They would turn the volume up high. These people do not realize that listening to heart-pounding music will increase your heartbeat, therefore, increasing the adrenaline. This rush of energy gives the people an excuse to speed. One of the way to release it is to drive really fast. What a thrill you can have, but what about the risk that you are taking?

Many people don't realize that music can be a distraction. It can cause you to lose your concentration. In Ryan's report, he mentioned the lost of concentration when you are changing your radio station or changing your CD's. Those couple of seconds you take your eyes off the road could be the most crucial seconds of your life. Anything can happen. For example, my brother only took his eyes off the road for a couple of seconds to change the station when he got into an accident. I prefer listening to tapes because I don't have to change station and it replays itself.

It's hard to say what the future is going to bring. It's hard to say what kind of improvement the future is going to bring. But for now, all we can do is to educate the people on the effects of driving with and without music. We can also let people know the types of music they listen to can affect their driving behaviors. Maybe a QDC or Self Witnessing will make people see and learn more about their behavior while driving on the road.

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