Theistic Psychology: 
The Scientific Knowledge of God
Extracted from the Correspondential Sense
of Sacred Scripture

Chapter 6

Personality Theory

6.0  Personality theory in theistic psychology has an organic basis. Every individual is born with a unique mind or spiritual body. The mind is a spiritual organ constructed out of the substances streaming forth from the Spiritual Sun in the spiritual world. Swedenborg was able to see this Sun every day for the 27 years of his unique conscious life in both worlds simultaneously. The substances of the mind and the substances of the Spiritual Sun are the same, though adapted to each unique mind. It is similar with the brain which is constructed out of material elements from the natural sun, or star,  that originated the planet. Every object on the planet is made of matter from its star. Swedenborg became very familiar with the surface appearances of the spiritual world, just as we are very familiar with the environment around us--trees, houses, beaches, mountains, animals, clouds, rivers. The environment in the spiritual world is a mental or rational environment constructed from the quality of the feelings and thoughts in the mind.

The outflow of the Spiritual Sun creates a space of rationality or what I would like to call rational ether. An analogous idea is the physical sun creating an energy sphere or gravitational field around itself in which the planets are deposited by separation from the sun, and then cooling off. The Spiritual Sun, by its efflux or outflow, creates a volume or sphere around itself made of rational ether called the spiritual world.

When human beings are born each individual's physical body is made of matter from the natural sun, and the individual's spiritual body is made of substance from the rational ether. We are thus born dual citizens belonging simultaneously to both worlds. One body is formed and dies in the natural world; the other body is formed in the spiritual world and never dies, since whatever is made of spiritual substance is eternal and impossible to destroy. Every feeling, every thought, and every sensation we ever had was an actual operation in the spiritual fibers of the mind and thus established a spiritual synapse that is indestructible. Swedenborg has proven that this is the case in the following manner.

In the spiritual world people who operate in the highest possible level of their mind are called "higher angels." They have the ability to review the content of people's memories in the world of spirits and to effect temporary changes. These therapeutic interventions are helpful when they instruct new arrivals about the laws of the spiritual world which must be understood rationally for good mental health there. These higher angels sometimes intervened with their special mental powers in order to help Swedenborg gather empirical observations. In this case they intervened in such a way as to bring the individuals back into the state of consciousness they were in when they first arrived. People from heaven and hell were temporarily brought back into the world of spirits which is the state of mind they had when they arrived from earth many years ago. Swedenborg then questioned them concerning their life on earth. They had with them all their memories. Nothing was missing or obscured proving that every operation in the mind is stored cumulatively in the memory of the natural mind. In the spiritual world it is known as the "Book of Life."

While we still have the physical body our natural mind is being built up from sensory input and rational abstraction. The natural mind is where we have our normal daily conscious awareness of self and the world. When the natural mind is completed, the physical body disintegrates ("dies"), and we begin a new consciousness in our spiritual body. We are then called "spirits," "angels," and "devils" depending on what is on our natural mind.

In order for the natural mind to develop and become prepared for conscious life in the spiritual world it is necessary for the spiritual mind to be operationalized and active simultaneously. The spiritual mind does not develop, like the natural mind, out of interaction with the physical body, but out of interaction with the spiritual body. The spiritual mind is also built from the substances of rational ether that is created by the Spiritual Sun around itself. The content of the spiritual mind is organized and ordered by the continuous influx of the Spiritual Sun. This operation is unconscious while we are tied to the physical body, but becomes conscious when the physical body disintegrates and we begin our immortal life as "spirits." Swedenborg was given the special ability to be conscious in the spiritual mind while he was still tied to the physical body. This was necessary in his unique case in order to allow him to write the scientific reports in the Writings (27 volumes in English translation). People would be spiritually damaged or destroyed were they allowed to be conscious simultaneously in both worlds.

Swedenborg was protected from injury by the "higher angels" who were always with him as guides and guards. He was able to talk to them in his native Swedish while they talked to him in the innate spiritual language we all have when we become spirits. Swedenborg was not yet a spirit since he still had his physical body. The difference was observable to the spirits whom he interacted with. They could see that he was still living on earth, to their great surprise, this being a unique case in their experience or knowledge. But when they interacted it was not at all apparent to them that he was speaking a natural language while they were speaking a spiritual language. This means that there must be a universal mental mechanism that can translate natural language into spiritual language and vice versa.

6.0.1  The Conscious Self and the Development of the As-of Self

The "self" or "ego" has been the subject of much discussion in literature. Even today "self" is a word that appears on the Web among the top 10 of all time topics--about 65 million Web sites mention this word (April 2004). "Self" and "God" have the same high frequency ranking, both among the top ten. The Writings of Swedenborg present a unique and previously unknown explanation of the self. It gives us an internal view as scientific revelation, a view that would be impossible without Swedenborg's observations of people as they are resuscitated immediately after the physical body turns into a corpse. In the world of spirits were the resuscitation process takes place people are in their spiritual body, and in this state they can see each other's mental disposition, mood, state, and to some extent specific content.

Swedenborg was also able to monitor the rapid mental changes that occur between resuscitation and the "second death," which refers to the final mental state we acquire to eternity. This is a general mental state that has infinite variety, guaranteeing the uniqueness of each human being to eternity. During these rapid mental changes people undergo various Divinely arranged therapeutic experiences and interventions designed to put everyone in touch with their deeper loves and motives. The outward personality traits and put-ons dissolve like a chocolate mask in the sun, and there emerges the real self.

The real self refers to the "ruling love" of every person.

It is known in psychology that all loves and motives are arranged in a hierarchy, like the organization of command in the military or a large company. In the United States the President is called "Chief Commander" who gives orders to generals to order their troops into battle. People who maintain antisocial ruling loves commit crimes, violence, destruction, theft, etc. Their ruling love is constantly challenged by their conscience or their knowledge of the Ten Commandments. God creates a conscience within every human self. The self and its components, like conscience and self-awareness, are functions and operations which must therefore take place in some mental organ. In fact, the mind is a mental organ constructed out of the spiritual substances streaming out of the Spiritual Sun, to which our mind is exposed in the world of spirits, where the mind is born along with the physical body in earth.

People who listen and obey the voice of their conscience, or who obey the Ten Commandments because they are from God, are given the power to inhibit and suppress their antisocial ruling love. Since the ruling love controls all the loves below it in the motivational hierarchy, suppressing it also inhibits the loves below it. As the antisocial ruling love is gradually suppressed and suffocated, a new altruistic ruling love seats itself in the command function. The new ruling love maintains a hierarchy of loves below itself, so that the entire motivational dynamics of the person is changed from hellish to heavenly.

This transformation process is called regeneration and involves temptations (see Section xx). Temptations bring our ruling love out of the background command into the foreground executor. We cannot deny it or ignore it. It's in our face and putting tremendous pressure on us to act in accordance with its satisfaction. This mental stress or conflict can sometimes be experienced as extreme and devastating. The deeper the hellish love that comes out in the temptation experience, the more we are shocked and challenged to approve or disapprove, and to go along or to fight like hell to resist it. This is a subjective experience. In fact, as revealed in the Writings, we have zero power to oppose the furious hells attacking us, grabbing hold of us, wanting desperately to make us part of them. They succeed if we give in, stop resisting, and let ourselves enjoy the evil, and finally loving it so that we look for it again, anticipate it, and are willing to abuse self and others in order to keep getting it. But when we resist in the Name of God, we are given as-if our own power to resist, and desist, and finally to hold the experience in aversion and disgust.

God's interventions are less effective when we are unwilling to call upon God to give us the as-if power to resist. This is a consequence, not of God's lesser desire or love, but our free choice to deny conscious communication with God. The conscious self is aware. This is a purely human trait and depends on the rational ether of the world of spirits in which our mind is located. Awareness or consciousness is a property of the rational mind. Animals do not have a rational mind hence they lack the spiritual anatomy for conscious awareness. The voice of our conscience, with which each of us is born, cannot be heard except in conscious awareness. Hence animals do not have a conscience.

Animals share a natural mind with humans, but only the bottom half (corporeal-sensuous). They do not have the anatomy of an upper half (natural-rational and spiritual-rational). Immortality is the result of being conjoined to God by rational consciousness. This requires the natural-rational mind (first), followed by the spiritual mind. Hence animals cannot be conjoined to God as they have no idea of God. Conjunction must be reciprocal, and animals cannot reciprocate as this requires the rational-spiritual ideas of God.

Animals and humans can both learn new habits at the corporeal-sensuous level. This is called conditioning and it occurs according to laws that have been discovered by psychologists (e.g., reinforcement law, frequency law, recency law, similarity law, generalization law, etc.). These laws of conditioning (or learning) are natural, not rational. They are below the
rational mind. We are not humans because we can form sensuous habits since animals can do that too. We are human because of our rational and spiritual mind.

Animals can be conditioned to talk in a simplistic way, and to solve  cognitive problems of choices between this or that figure or color. But  none of this is rational. The proof is that animals, when taught sign  language (chimpanzees) or other signaling system (dolphins), actually have nothing to say! They do not topicalize (rational), but they can
communicate by signaling this or that object or activity. Young children when they learn to talk immediately topicalize, showing that they are human, not animal. Consciousness (conscious self) and conscience (sense of right or wrong) are rational phenomena unavailable to animals. Animals cannot be held spiritually responsible for their actions, as humans are. Animals do not have a spiritual future or life of immortality after death (see Section xx). Human motives (or loves) are conscious and spiritually significant.

The conscious self is surrounded by the ruling love and its hierarchy of motives. Each motive is a love or an affection operating in the affective organ. All operations in the affective organ have a connection to operations in the cognitive organ. Every motive or affection selects and maintains specific cognitive operations that are consistent with it and assist in devising plans and methods for carrying out what the love wants, desires, and by which it is satisfied and lives. When a love is not satisfied one experiences sadness and depression, alternating with anger and destructive behavior.

The Writings reveal many facts about the psychology of the self--its structure, development, and quality.

A useful study for theistic psychology is The Doctrine of the Propirum (1962) by George De Charms (The General Church Publication committee,  Bryn Athyn, PA), in which he summarizes in developmental context many things said in the Writings of Swedenborg concerning the human and the Divine "proprium," a Latin word meaning "one's very own" as in English "proprietary" rights, or one's "proper" name, or one's "property," etc. In psychology we call the proprium the "conscious self."

The Writings confirm the fact that mental traits are inherited as well as learned. All inherited mental traits can be changed by self-modification. The earliest generations on this earth inherited heavenly or altruistic traits until aberrant individuals introduced negative loves by inverting their inherited positive traits. When they passed into the world of spirits they were segregated from the others in their heavenly mental states. The hells were thus created. After many generations and succeeding civilizations the negative traits became so predominant that a life of hell on earth was established--crimes, wars, sicknesses, famines, abuse of women and children, deception, discrimination, injustice, and so on, all of which are familiar to us today. Character reformation has become essential before we can get rid of our "inherited proprium"  and acquire a heavenly proprium from God. With the cultivation and love of heavenly traits we set up a mind that is capable of living in conjugial love in heaven to eternity. If we arrive into the afterlife with the old unregenerate proprium, we automatically sink into the hells of the mind where we live forever with others in a sorry state (see Section xx).

The essence of the inversion from a heavenly to a hellish proprium is that we are unwilling to be guided by God and prefer to be guided by self. There is therefore an opposition between our self and God. This perspective is a turn around from how the human race was created and lived prior to this event in history and evolution. In Sacred Scripture it is described in the scientific meaning of the Adam and Eve story in Genesis. As long as people were well disposed toward God they were able to have a sane and healthy proprium. They lived every day with the feeling of an as-of self so that they could arrange their lives and activates as they saw fit, consistent with God's Commandments. They knew rationally from revelation that it is God who has the power to move their loves and thoughts, but were content to experience as-if they had that power from themselves and in themselves.

But when people began pursuing loves and imaginations that were not consistent with conscience and Divine Commandment, the proprium or as-of self, turned itself away from God and good, inverting truth into falsity, and pursuing corrupted forms of love, thus creating hell in the human mind. This is called the Fall of the race.

Quoting from the Writings of Swedenborg:

Verse 18 And Jehovah God said, It is not good that the man should be alone. I will make for him a help suitable for him. 'Alone' means that he was not content to be guided by the Lord but desired to have self and the world as his guide. 'A help suitable for him' means the proprium, which, further on, is also called 'the rib which was built into a woman'. (AC 138)

Countless things can be said about the proprium - about what the proprium is like in the case of the bodily-minded and worldly man, what it is like in the case of the spiritual man, and what in the case of the celestial man. With the bodily-minded and worldly man the proprium is his all. He is unaware of anything else but the proprium. And, as has been stated, if he were to lose his proprium he would think that he was dying.

With the spiritual man the proprium takes on a similar appearance, for although he knows that the Lord is the life of all, and that He confers wisdom and intelligence, and consequently the ability to think and to act, it is more a matter of something he says and not so much something he believes.

The celestial man however acknowledges that the Lord is the life of all, who confers the ability to think and act, because he perceives that this is so. Nor does he ever desire the proprium. Nevertheless even though he does not desire it the Lord grants him a proprium which is joined to him with a complete perception of what is good and true, and with complete happiness.

Angels possess a proprium such as this, and at the same time utmost peace and tranquility, for their proprium has within it things that are the Lord's, who is governing their proprium, that is, governing them by means of their proprium. This proprium is utterly heavenly, whereas the proprium of the bodily-minded man is hellish. But more about the proprium further on. (AC 141)

Here we are told that there are three levels our proprium. The lowest is called "bodily-minded and worldly," then the spiritual proprium, and the highest, which is the celestial proprium. When our conscious awareness is immersed in the corporeal proprium ("bodily-minded"), we reject the idea that our self is not real, being only an "as-of self." When we elevate our conscious awareness to the rational or spiritual level, we know from revelation that God is omnipotent, hence the only power, and therefore the self has no power of its own. It is only an as-of self. But although we know and understand this at a certain level of rationality, we are unwilling to love it and make it into a ruling love. We prefer to forget it and continue acting as-if of our own power and struggle. With progress in our regeneration or spiritual development, we can elevate our rationality to the celestial proprium.

When we are in the celestial proprium of our mind we are called angels. It is said above that angels do not desire a proprium of their own. Their happiness comes from receiving  the Proprium of the Divine-Human. Since they then act still with the as-of self feeling, they are maximally happy, never being led into anything negative or disturbing.

6.0.2  Woman Built From the Man's Rib

Continuing to quote from the Writings where we find the analysis by correspondences of the Genesis story:

Verse 21 "And Jehovah God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he fell asleep; and He took one of his ribs, and He closed up the flesh in its place."

'A rib', which is a breast bone, is used to mean man's proprium when it contains very little life, a proprium indeed that he cherishes. 'The flesh in place of the rib Is used to mean the proprium when it does contain some life. 'A deep sleep' is used to mean that state into which he was brought so that he might seem to himself to have a proprium. This state resembles sleep because a person in that state is conscious only of living, thinking, speaking, and acting from himself. But when he starts to realize that this is false, he is aroused from sleep so to speak and wakes up. (AC 147)

What a remarkable revelation to discover that we are asleep in our conscious awareness when being immersed in our inherited proprium or self. Our inherited proprium is represented by a bony lifeless rib and we are described as being in a "deep sleep" when in that proprium. Our consciousness is asleep to true reality. We live a delusion thinking that we have a self separate from God's management of it. We consciously live this delusion by being convinced that we are acting from ourselves. We are thus persuaded of a delusion by rejecting the revelation that we only have an as-of self in a universe where God is the only power. When we undergo character reformation we no longer refuse to accept God's revelations. We are then said to be "aroused from sleep" or delusion, and we awaken to reality.

Continuing with the quotations:

The state of a person when caught up in the proprium, that is, when he imagines that he lives from himself, is compared to a deep sleep. Indeed the ancients actually called it 'a deep sleep' while the Word speaks of people having 'the spirit of deep sleep poured out on them [Isaiah 29:10], and of their sleeping a perpetual sleep [Jeremiah 51:57].

The fact that man's proprium is in itself dead, that is, that nobody possesses any life from himself, has been demonstrated in the world of spirits so completely that evil spirits who love nothing except the proprium, and insist stubbornly that they do live from themselves, have been convinced by means of living experience, and have admitted that they do not live from themselves.

With regard to the human proprium I have for several years now been given a unique opportunity to know about it - in particular that not a trace of my thinking began in myself. I have also been allowed to perceive clearly that every idea constituting my thought flowed in [from somewhere], and sometimes how it flowed in, and where from. Consequently anyone who imagines that he lives from himself is in error. And in believing that he does live from himself he takes to himself everything evil and false, which he would never do if what he believed and what is actually the case were in agreement. (AC 150)

Note that Swedenborg's description of the human unregenerate proprium is not a theory he is proposing but demonstrated fact. As usual he presents two kinds of proof--one from objective observation of others, and one from self-witnessing observations on himself. In his unique dual consciousness, Swedenborg was able to perceive directly the incoming source of his thoughts and feelings. The delusion of the unregenerate inherited proprium is that our thoughts and feelings originate in our self and are our own. This is certainly the conscious experience we have here on earth. But in the afterlife, having been disconnected from the physical world and body, we have the ability to perceive our interactions with the vertical community (see Section xx).

Continuing:

Verse 22 And Jehovah God built the rib which He took from the man into a woman, and brought her to the man.

'Building means reconstructing that which has fallen down, 'rib' the proprium that has not been given life, 'woman the proprium that has been given life by the Lord, 'bringing her to the man' that a proprium was granted to him. Since the descendants of this Church, unlike their ancestors, did not wish to be the celestial man, but to be their own guides and so set their heart on the proprium, they were allowed to have one. It was however a proprium given life by the Lord, which is why it is called 'a woman', and after that 'a wife'. (AC 151)

Anyone paying the matter only scant attention may see that woman was not formed out of the rib of a man, and that the arcana embodied here are deeper than anybody has ever been aware of up to now. And that the proprium is meant by 'the woman may be seen from the consideration that the woman was the one who was deceived, for nothing but the proprium - or what amounts to the same, self-love and love of the world - ever deceives a person. (AC 152)

The scientific meaning of Divine Speech is about the theistic psychology we need to awaken from the delusion of sleep in which we consciously believe that we are alone in our mind and we think and feel from ourselves. We are to awaken to this spiritual reality prior to entering the spiritual world. We cannot awaken afterwards if we do not awaken here. Swedenborg confirms by many interviews in the world of spirits that those arrived with a denial of God's omnipotence in all details, are unwilling no matter what, to change their mind. They continue in their delusions, which take them to hell and keep them there forever, being still unwilling no matter what.

The well known Genesis story in the Old Testament of Eve being built out of Adam's rib refers in its scientific sense to the proprium, specifically, that the proprium which is a dead delusion in itself, was enlivened by God. "Woman" and "wife" refer to the enlivened proprium in all human beings.

Continuing:

Nothing evil or false can possibly exist that is not the proprium or derived from the proprium. For man's proprium is evil itself, which means that man is nothing but evil and falsity. This has become clear to me from the fact that when the contents of the proprium are presented to view in the world of spirits they look so ugly that nobody can paint any uglier picture. (Those contents vary however according to the nature of the proprium.) As a result when anyone is offered a glimpse of the contents of his proprium he is horrified at himself and wishes to run as though from the devil.

On the other hand contents of the proprium which have been given life by the Lord look beautiful and attractive, varying according to the life to which a celestial quality that is the Lord's can be added. Indeed people who have received charity, that is, been made alive by it, look like boys and girls with very attractive faces. And people who have received innocence look like naked small children adorned in different ways with garlands of flowers twined around their breasts, and precious stones in their hair, living and playing in brightest light, with a sense of happiness stemming from the depths of their being. (AC 154)

Swedenborg reports what he saw when he looked at the unregenerate proprium of people in the world of spirits. In that state of mind everyone can see the proprium of others. And in Swedenborg's estimation the contents of the unregenerate proprium "look so ugly that nobody can paint any uglier picture." In other passages he describes it as bony and black like a burned skull upon which no flesh is left. When someone is allowed to see their own proprium "he is horrified at himself and wishes to run as though from the devil."

On the other hand the regenerate proprium that has been made alive by God, called the heavenly proprium, contains thoughts and feelings that "look beautiful and attractive." When we are in our heavenly mental state our proprium from a distance to others looks like attractive boys and girls adorned in flowers and precious stones with a happy expression reflecting their inner innocence. Innocence is the willingness to be guided by God rather than self.

6.0.3  The Rebirth of the Fallen Proprium or Self

Continuing:

Verse 23 And the man said, By this change, it is bone from my bones and flesh from my flesh; for this she will be called Wife, because she was taken out of man (vir).

'Bone from bones and flesh from flesh' means the proprium belonging to the external man, 'bone' the proprium that has been given not much life, 'flesh' the proprium that has been given life. 'The man' (vir) however means the internal man. And because, as is said in the next verse, the internal man was so coupled to the external man, this proprium previously called 'woman' is now called 'Wife'. 'By this change' means that it happened now, because there had been a change of state. (AC 156)

The man (Adam) called the woman his wife (Eve). The woman was made out of his rib. This is the style of writing of the ancients when discussing theistic psychology. In this case they were writing about the birth and development of the human proprium or self conscious awareness. This style of writing made sense to them because they were celestial minds before the Fall. In other words, people in those days still had direct perception into the spiritual world where all things of the mind are represented outwardly in these imageries called correspondences. The external self, or "the proprium belonging to the external man," was referred to as "'Bone from bones and flesh from flesh." They were thinking of the natural mind whose content and organization is from the physical world, rather than the "internal man" or internal self, which has undergone regeneration and is called "wise" or spiritually developed. A distinction is introduced here between two portions of the external self--one dead ("bone"), the other vivified ("flesh").

Continuing:

It is not easy to perceive however how these matters can be so unless the nature of the state of the celestial man is known. The state of the celestial man is such that the internal man is quite distinct from the external, so distinct in fact that he perceives what belongs to the internal man and what to the external man, and how the external man is governed by the Lord through the internal. But because his descendants desired the proprium, which belongs to the external man, their state became so altered that they no longer perceived any distinction between the internal man and the external. Instead they perceived the internal man as being one with the external, for this is what perception comes to be once man desires the proprium. (AC 159)

Here, the phrase "the state of the celestial man" refers to the portion of the human mind that is called heaven (see Section xx). The earliest generations on this planet were celestial people because their celestial mind was fully conscious on earth. They were therefore able to perceive the heavens in which their parents and family were after departing this world. The wrote in a style of correspondences since they were able to see directly, or visualize directly, the mental references in natural vocabulary. But in a later stage of evolution called the Fall, this dual consciousness was lost to protect the human race from being taken over by the Fallen proprium, which was evil. In other words, the thoughts and feelings that make up the external self, were evil--injurious, selfish, irrational, cruel, destructive, etc. Just as now, our motives are selfish and our thinking is less than rational most of the time. This mentality creates a hell on earth in which we are unsafe and experience suffering despite an omnipotent God who only wants our conjugial happiness in an eternal heaven.

God cannot change what our proprium has become without destroying us, which God cannot do as it would be against His Love. By "destroying us" I mean have every human being live in hell from now to eternity. God made a rational and loving choice: Instead of changing our Fallen proprium He can give us a new one that can live in heaven. In other words, we are born with the inherited Fallen "proprial" tendencies towards evil and denial of God. This is the Fallen proprium, ugly, bony, dead. Now God has created a mechanism by which we can start living a new life with a new proprium that has been "vivified" or made receptive of God and heavenly life. This is called "rebirth" and the process goes on a lifetime and is called "regeneration." This is an active process of character building that is very challenging and filled with suffering. This is caused by our having to Inhibit, suppress, and loathe all the loves and enjoyments of the Fallen proprium to which we are attached by egotistical loves.

We don't want to give them up voluntarily, one by one. It seems to us that we are being deprived of all our enjoyments and interests. What good is heaven to us if we cannot have our enjoyments? A neighbor to whom I was talking about Swedenborg asked me to describe life in heaven and in hell. At the end he said he is going to hell. Shocked, I asked why. He explained that all his friends would be there, and all his enjoyments. While in heaven, well, he didn't see himself living there. Later I thought about it and I realized that people don't believe in hell when they say they rather go there. It's just a kind of bravado talk. There must be few people who can read and accept Swedenborg's descriptions of hell, and still say they want to go there. So most people who don't seem to be afraid of hell don't actually believe that there is one.

The rebirth of the human proprium is called "salvation" of the human race. Through the process of temptations we can anesthetize forever our hellish proprium. Each temptation is timed by our Divine Psychologist to allow us to voluntarily lay aside one proprial love. We cannot do this on our own, for our motivation is to give in. But we can overcome this deadly built in motivation by acknowledging God's presence and involvement in the temptation. God then anesthetizes the proprial love, and starts the operation of a new heavenly love in its place. Gradually, through many temptations daily over a lifetime, the "reborn" proprium becomes our conscious awareness. Our thoughts and motives are altruistic and loving to be obedient to God's will or the Proprium of the Divine-Human (see next sub-section).

Continuing:

Verse 24 Therefore a man (vir) will leave his father and his mother and will cling to his wife, and they will be one flesh.

'Leaving father and mother' is leaving the internal man, for the internal is that which conceives and gives birth to the external. 'Clinging to his wife' is in order that the internal man may be within the external. 'Being one flesh' means that they are there together. Previously the internal man, and the external man deriving from the internal, were spirit, but now they have become flesh. In this way celestial and spiritual life was joined on to the proprium in order that they might seemingly be one. (AC 160)

In the style of writing with correspondences "the man clinging to his wife" refers to the heavenly self becoming active within the external self. The thoughts and motives of the external self are transformed from hellish to heavenly when the new reborn proprium becomes active. The lower external self cannot do this on its own, but it can be vivified or operationalized by the higher self acting within the lower self. The higher self which is heavenly cannot be seen in the lower self since the lower self is natural and the natural mind cannot see the celestial mind. The celestial mind active and influencing the natural mind is referred to as "'Leaving father and mother."

These relationships may not be fully clear because only a sample of the overall argument is presented. Please consult the Writings for the detailed study. But enough is given here to demonstrate to you that Sacred Scripture in its extracted scientific meaning is about theistic psychology, or the science of immortality. God uses this form of communicating with the human race because it serves primarily to elevate our rational consciousness of God and the methods by which God manages our immortal mind and the universe.

6.0.4  Innocence and the Choice of Salvation

Continuing:

As has been stated, man's proprium is nothing but evil, and when presented to view is terribly ugly; but when charity and innocence are instilled into the proprium by the Lord it looks fine and attractive, as stated in 154. The charity and innocence not only excuse the proprium, that is, a person's evil and falsity, but also virtually do away with it, as anyone may see in the case of young children. When they love one another and their parents, and at the same time a childlike innocence is evident, evil and false traits at such times not only go unnoticed but are even pleasing. From this it can be seen that nobody is allowed into heaven unless he has some measure of innocence in him, as the Lord said,

Let the young children come to Me and do not hinder them; of such is the kingdom of God. Truly I say to you, Whoever has not received the kingdom of God like a young child will not enter into it. Taking them up therefore into His arms, He laid His hands upon them, and blessed them. Mark 10:14-16.

(AC 164)

A popular saying is that "the child is father to the man." Every child inherits an evil proprium connected to hell. But a child also inherits heavenly traits called "remains." The chief of the remains is called "innocence" which is the tendency to willingly obey parents and authority figures. Without this inborn innocence, or willingness to learn, no child could acquire a civilized personality. AS parents and teachers know well, children oscillate between showing their heavenly traits and their hellish traits. They are thus held in balance by God to give them the opportunity to resist evil traits when conscience forbids them. The trait of innocence is necessary for the new reborn proprium since we cannot live in heaven without loving to conform all our thoughts and motives to God's order.

Innocence, or the willingness and love to obey God, is the ruling love of all who abide in the highest portion of their mind called heaven. Eternal happiness in conjugial love is heaven, and its living context is innocence. It is in the willingness to obey God in which heaven is located. This is because we elevate our consciousness to the heavenly state of mind by willing to be led by God rather than by self. We lay down every desire and interest we have from ourselves, and we put on only that which belongs to the Divine-Human. In effect, we superimpose the Proprium of the Divine-Human upon the former place where we acted on behalf of our self. The agent that carried out our feelings, motives, and values has been fired or anesthetized and neutralized, put into a coma and rendered non-operational. If we still want x which is from self, we deny ourselves. If we still think Y which is from self, we reject it. Instead, we think thoughts that are from Sacred Scripture which is the Speech of the Divine-Human communicating with our rational consciousness.

In this way we cooperate with the Divine-Human working on us as a Divine Loving and All-Knowing Therapist, daily, hourly, and second by second. When we have a conflict between self and God through conscience or doctrine of life, we immediately know that the Divine Psychologist is bringing us to face something deep within ourselves that is still lurking, hiding, poisoning the atmosphere around itself, injuring our innocence, or willingness to obey God rule and order. We experience the temptation as a deep conflict, an agony of choice. We want X badly, but we hear God's voice, Don't do it, Don't have it. Turn away from it.  Break the cycle. I'm here to give you the power. Just make the choice now.

Wonderful Divine words coming into our mind from within where God's influx enters through the Spiritual Sun--through its spiritual heat and spiritual light flowing into the receptors of the mind. The spiritual light entering the top of the mind now descends through the levels of the mind--celestial, spiritual, natural-rational. At each descent, lower correspondences are created at that level of mental operation. When the wave of correspondences arrives into the natural-rational mind it has been transformed by correspondences into a natural language in which we think and through which we are conscious and rational, able to reason and make choices on the basis of our understanding of Sacred Scripture.

Slowly, progressively, after many daily temptation-situations we have experienced for years, we at last come into the "Peace of Sabbath" which is a reference to the Genesis Creation story where God rested after His six days of labor. The Third Commandment orders us to keep the Sabbath day holy (see Chapter 5 Section 5.7). The scientific meaning of the "Sabbath rest" refers to the mental state we reach after every spiritual temptation. The Divine Psychologist brings to us only those temptations at the right time, and in the right form, that we can resist. By knowing all of the future, and by holding our mental operations in perfect control, God is able to keep from us any temptation that we cannot resist. After the deeply disturbing conflict of the spiritual temptation, which is called a "battle" against devils, God defeats the devils and puts them back into hell, no longer capable of infesting this individual. God could not have done this earlier, prior to the temptation and the voluntary and rational choice of rejecting the cherished enticement. The purpose of the temptation is precisely to give us the moment of choice, by which God can then remove the evil connection.

This choice of salvation must be repeated over and over again daily for years--because we have a multitude of evil connections, both those that we have inherited and those we have acquired ourselves by practicing and loving them.

The critical feature of the choice of salvation is innocence or the willingness to say No to self and Yes to the Divine-Human. There is no in between. Every thought or motive is either from heaven or from hell, either from the Divine-Human's Proprium or our own.

The Divine-Human's Proprium is innocence itself and is the source of all innocence. We would never be willing to deny ourselves totally by following self, and since the self always leads to hell because it is from hell, and is hell, therefore we are lost in advance unless we are willing to put on innocence, that is, the Lord's Proprium. This means wanting only what the Lord wants, loving only what the Lord loves, thinking only what the Lord thinks, intending only what the Lord intends, doing only what the Lord does.

When we are in this state of innocence we are in our heaven and we are called angels. Swedenborg interviewed many angels for 27 years. The described their happiness to him as being this innocence. They said that the instant they hesitate going with the flow of the Divine-Human, they fall out of their heaven, tumbling down into the lower levels of their mind where they start experiencing conflicts and temptations. So the essence of eternal happiness in conjugial love is the complete and total suppression of anything belonging to our own proprium or self.

This total reliance on the Divine-Human is a permanent Sabbath rest from all labors of temptations. No feeling or thought from the hells can reach into that place. Nothing stops our unbounded blessedness, our unbounded love and wisdom. We are capable of truly amazing and wonderful powers, forming an environment within us and around us that surpasses all imagination and desire.

Theistic psychology is the knowledge brought to us by Divine Speech about how we can suppress ourselves totally and become "children of God," that is, living God's Proprium as-if our own, thereby having immortality and endless mental expansion.

The Writings reveal that Proprium in the good sense exists only in the Divine-Human. This is because all good is the spiritual heat streaming forth from the Spiritual Sun which is the hot sphere of passion surrounding the Divine-Human in the highest region of the created human mind. The Spiritual Sun is the source of all good streaming into the created universe from its inmost parts.

Think about any object or all objects that exist. Each object has an external part that struts out into the physical plane or degree. This physical external has to have a mental or spiritual internal framework that holds the object into existence. This internal spiritual framework is made of the spiritual heat and light form the Spiritual Sun. It is in this sense that we can say that the spiritual world is "within" the natural world, or that every natural event is an effect of a prior spiritual cause.

What happens when you remove the internal framework of the object by shutting down the influx or inflow of spiritual heat and light from the Spiritual Sun?

The object is removed from existence. Or, the operation ceases, whatever it is.  We are familiar with what happens when we unplug the electric stove, or if the electric company has a power failure. Every electric appliance goes dead. In a similar way, if you remove the spiritual heat and light from within an object, the object ceases to be online in existence, it goes dead, disintegrates, and disappears.

The human mind is an organ of reception of spiritual heat and light. We receive spiritual heat in the affective organ and spiritual light in the cognitive organ (see Section xx). God gives us the ability or power to make a free choice regarding the incoming spiritual light or truth, and the incoming spiritual heat or love. We can love them or reject them. If we reject them, they are turned into their opposites or inversion: incoming good becomes evil in our will (affective organ), and incoming truth becomes falsified truth in our understanding (cognitive organ). In one case our consciousness and character is from heaven, and in the other case, it is from hell. There is no in between.

Our own self or proprium is therefore an inversion or opposition of God's Proprium. Our own self takes us to eternal hell while adopting as-if our own the Proprium of the Divine-Human takes us to eternal heaven. It's our choice. We need therefore to inquire into how our inverted proprium develops and how we can arrest its development and put it to sleep forever.

Our own proprium or self is actually dead, not alive, because it consists of the denial of life through the denial of what is good and true--the only life there is. Swedenborg went through many hells and sure enough, the people there appeared alive and doing all sorts of atrocious and horrible things to each other. But from the perspective of true life, of heavenly life, the life in hell is indeed dead because it is devoid of all good and truth. Those who maintain themselves in the hells of their mind are unwilling to rise above it, They receive life moment by moment, and they invert it into something dead as soon as it enters their conscious mind. They are said to be dead because they live in a false appearance rather than in reality. They cannot die because all humans are born immortal, but they can remove themselves from life by living in horrible delusions and fantasies, shared mutually with others. They reject all rational things and they hate God and innocence with the utmost rage.

When we put on God's Proprium and obey in innocence without self-interference, we enter true reality and heavenly life, or everything that is good and true.

Quoting from the Writings Sacred Scripture:

DP 224. Who cannot see that the external derives its existence from the internal and consequently has its essence from the internal? And everyone knows from experience that the external can appear otherwise than in accordance with the essence it has from the internal. For there is manifestly such an appearance with hypocrites, flatterers and dissemblers; and that a man can outwardly personate characters not his own is manifest from actors and mimics; for they know how to represent kings, emperors and even angels, in tone of voice, speech, face and gesture, as though they were really such, when yet they are but players. Moreover, this has been stated because man can in similar manner act the deceiver both in civil and moral affairs and in spiritual matters; and it is well known that many do so.

[2] When the internal in its essence is infernal, and the external in its form appears spiritual, and yet, as has been said, the external derives its essence from the internal, it may be asked where in the external that essence lies concealed. It does not appear in the gesture, in the tone of voice, in the speech, or in the face, and yet it is interiorly hidden in all four of these. That it is interiorly hidden in these is clearly manifest from these same things in the spiritual world. For when a man comes from the natural world into the spiritual world, as he does at death, he leaves behind his externals with the body, and retains his internals which he had stored up in his spirit. Then if his internal was infernal he appears as a devil, even such as he was as to his spirit while he lived in the world. Who does not acknowledge that every man leaves behind external things with the body, and enters into internal things when he becomes a spirit?

[3] To this I will add that in the spiritual world there is a communication of affections and of thoughts derived from these; and consequently no one can speak otherwise than as he thinks; and, moreover, everyone there changes his countenance and resembles his own affection so that his character is apparent from his countenance. Hypocrites are sometimes permitted to speak otherwise than as they think; but the tone of their voice is quite out of harmony with their interior thoughts; and by this discordance they are recognised. Hence it may be evident that the internal lies concealed interiorly in the tone of the voice, the speech, the face and the gesture of the external; but it is not perceived by men in the natural world although it is clearly perceived by angels in the spiritual world. (DP 224)


DP 225. From these considerations it is now clear that while man lives in the natural world he can be admitted into the wisdom of spiritual things and also into the love of them; and that this happens and can happen both with those who are wholly natural and with those who are spiritual; but with this difference, that the spiritual are thereby reformed but the natural by the same means are not reformed. It may even appear as if the natural loved wisdom; but they only love it as an adulterer loves an honourable woman, that is, as if she were a courtesan, speaking to her fair words, and giving her beautiful garments, yet saying of her privately to himself She is only a vile harlot whom I will make believe that I love her because she gratifies my lust; but if she did not, I would cast her off. The internal man of such a one is this adulterer, and his external man is this woman. (DP 225)

DP 227. These are the causes which give rise to such an enormity; but as they are in obscurity because of ignorance respecting them they must be so explained as to make them clear to the understanding.

First: Whatever a man thinks, speaks and does from his will, whether good or evil, is appropriated to him, and remains. This was shown above (n. 78-81). For man has an external or natural memory, and an internal or spiritual memory. Upon this internal memory is inscribed everything in general and in particular that he has thought, spoken and done in the world from his will, and that so completely and particularly that no detail is lacking. This memory is man's book of life, which is opened after death and according to which he is judged. Regarding this memory much more has been recorded from actual experience in the work HEAVEN AND HELL (n. 461-465).

[2] Second: The Lord by His Divine Providence continually , foresees and disposes, that evil may be by itself and good by itself, and thus that they may be separated. Every man is both in evil and in good, in evil from himself, and in good from the Lord; and he cannot live unless he is in both. For if he were in himself alone, and thus in evil alone, he would not have any life; nor if he were in the Lord alone and thus in good alone, would he have any life; for a man in the latter state of life would be as if he were being suffocated, continually gasping for breath, or like one dying in agony; while in the former state of life he would become devoid of life; for evil without any good is in itself dead.

Therefore every man is in both, the difference being that in the one case man is interiorly in the Lord and exteriorly as if in himself and in the other case he is interiorly in himself but exteriorly as if in the Lord. In the latter case the man is in evil and in the former in good; and yet in each case the man is both in good and in evil. The wicked man is in both because he is in the good of civil and moral life, and also outwardly in some measure of the good of spiritual life, besides being kept by the Lord in rationality and liberty, in order that it may be possible for him to be in good. This is the good by means of which every man, even a wicked man, is led by the Lord. From these considerations it may be seen that the Lord separates evil and good, so that one may be interior and the other exterior, and thus provides that they may not be mingled together. (DP 227)

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6.0.5  Spiritual Growth: How the New Will is formed

The "will" refers to the operation of the affective organ. These operations vary by categories which we are all familiar with--intentions, motivations, goals, purposes, impulses, propensities, inborn preferences, enjoyments, satisfactions, affections, loves. All these sub-categories of the affective operations are referred to globally in Sacred Scripture as "love" and the "will." In theistic psychology we use the term "character" to refer to the hierarchy of our loves in every day life. We discussed above the word "propirum" which means "our own self" or that which we feel is our own. In order for something to feel our own we must choose it in freedom. If we choose it by necessity or threat we are not choosing it in freedom and therefore it is not our love, and finally, it is not our own. It remains outside of our own loves. Our immortality consists only of those things that our own. Other things that belong to our personality or appearance and reputation, do not transfer across our second death (see Section xx). Our eternal state of mind can be composed only of our loves, and anything that our loves want around, which means thoughts of a certain kind.

The will is the actual human being, while the personality, knowledge, and memory is outside the actual human being, something that our will loves to keep around for enjoyment and can change at will!

The will, dominant love, or character is therefore our proprium, our self, our very own--what we are in reality rather than appearance.

Quoting from the Writings Sacred Scripture:

TCR 658

One's thoughts are not imputed to anyone, only one's will.

Every educated person knows that the mind contains two parts or faculties, the will and the understanding. But few people know how to make a proper distinction between them, to enumerate their properties individually and then to combine them. Those who are unable to do this inevitably acquire only the dimmest notion about the mind. So unless the properties of each taken by itself are first described, the meaning of this statement, that one's thoughts are not imputed to anyone, only one's will, cannot be grasped.

The properties of each are in summary form the following:

1. Love itself, and things to do with love, are lodged in the will; knowledge, intelligence and wisdom are lodged in the understanding. The will breathes its love into these, and brings about their favour and assent. As a result, what one's love and so one's intelligence are like determine what one is like oneself.

[2] 2. It follows from this that all good and also all evil belong to the will. For whatever arises from love is called good, even though it might be evil, for this is the result of the pleasure which makes up the will's life. By means of this pleasure the will enters into the understanding and gains its consent.

[3] 3. The will then is the being (esse) or essence of a person's life, but the understanding is the coming-into-being (existere) or arising from this. Since an essence has no reality unless it is endowed with a form, so the will has no reality unless it is in the understanding. The will therefore takes a form upon itself in the understanding, so that it may come to light.

[4] 4. The love in the will is the end in view, and in the understanding it seeks and finds causes, through which it may advance to its realization. Since the end in view is an aim and this is what it seeks, it is also the aim of the will, by means of which it enters into the understanding, and impels it to consider and turn over the means, and to determine upon such means as aim at producing the effect.

[5] 5. All of a person's self (proprium) is in the will. It is from his first birth evil, and becomes good as the result of his second birth. One's first birth is from one's parents, the second from the Lord.

[6] 6. These few remarks will enable it to be seen that the will and the understanding have different properties, which from creation have been linked in the same relation as Being and Coming-into-being. Consequently it is primarily the will that makes a person a human being, only secondarily is it the understanding. Hence it is that one's will is imputed to one, but not one's thought; and likewise evil and good, since these, as I have said, are lodged in the will and only from there enter into the thought process of the understanding.

Upon our first death, the physical body drops off and we are resuscitated in the world of spirits. Surprisingly to most people, as observed by Swedenborg, we appear to ourselves to be in a solid body whose youth, sensitivity, and health is far greater than what we people remember from their material earth body. Swedenborg himself was able to confirm this while living simultaneously in in his physical body and "in spirit" as he sometimes refers to it. We are in a mental state in which we experience rapid change. The first few weeks all our earth memories are intact. This is when we appear to be meeting with "dead relatives" and former friends or spouses. We also seem to be living in a city and a house similar to what we left behind on earth. Through a series of intense and rapid experiences we are led more and more into our real character, our real loves that pulled the strings behind our personality habits and appearances.

We discover ourselves truly for the first time. We cannot resist the intense urges of loves that have been held cooped up by social personality, reputation, or the law. Like a genie out of the bottle, we rush into all sorts of frantic behavior and new conduct of great passion and intensity. Now is your eternal destiny sealed. Your second death is quickly approaching and  you are compelled from within, by your ruling dominant supreme love, to act to please that love, to satisfy yourself, to enjoy life in its most. This is the moment of destiny for which we all must prepare. If the ruling love is the "old will" we were born with, we are compelled at this point to immerse our consciousness completely and fully into the loves of the old will. This is called descending into the hell of your mind.

If you have a "new will" you are quite pleased at this point to give up altogether any love that is in the old will. Giving up any love and every love in it, without exception, like--selfishness, pride, unfaithfulness in marriage, love of disobedience, hatred of innocence, etc. etc. (see Section xx). With the new will we are happy to give every one of the loves in our old will, so that now, upon our second death, we are resuscitated into the heaven in our mind.

Which is our immortality, whether in heaven or in hell, is determined completely by our daily choices. Theistic psychology gives us a scientific understanding of how God creates the new will in an individual. It is a process that requires our cooperation, which involves the willingness to resist temptations brought to us by the Divine Psychologist as our character is being rebuilt, day by day, and hour by hour.

6.0.5.1  The Role of Divine Speech in Building Up the New Will

In the Writings God reveals the rational methods of management He uses. There are many aspects to this, some of which are discussed elsewhere (see Section xx). A basic concept is "influx" which refers to the mechanism of control God uses to manage the endless details of keeping the universe running in the intended manner and purpose. We can distinguish between "immediate influx" and "mediate influx." Sometimes they are referred to as "general influx" and "particular influx." God maintains a line of control from Firsts to Lasts in the universe. It is a series of control mechanisms based on the "laws of correspondences" between what is higher and lower, that is, between what is earlier and what is later in the series. The First in the series of control and causation is the Spiritual Sun (see Section xx).

In order to maintain omnipotence and omnipresence it is necessary that God inflow with power, or "be present." in every created object that exists. The existing object is therefore "online" with God and continues to exist only because it is being continuously recreated, instant by instant, from its inmost structure. This is immediate or general influx and never ceases from creation to the endless future. It is part of the rational idea of the "created universe." It is not rational to think that God can create the universe and then can withdraw Himself, totally or in part, so that the world runs by the laws He has also created (see Section xx).

But if immediate influx were the only mechanism of control and causation, there would not exist any "consciousness" and therefore any human beings. To be human we must have consciousness. This is a property of rationality and intelligence  which only God, the Divine Human, possess. God had to create an organic form that is capable of being online with His consciousness and rationality. Rocks, trees, galaxies, or atoms are created in a structural form or anatomy that is capable of being online for immediate influx. The human mind is an organic form or anatomy that is capable of being online fro mediate influx, as well as immediate influx. This is what makes human beings unique in the created universe. Only the human mind has a spiritual organ capable of receiving mediate influx from the Divine Human. Mediate influx is the cause of human consciousness.

This phenomenon is very familiar to every person. Sometimes we use the phrase "conscious awareness" to refer to the experience of consciousness.

Consciousness is not something we possess but something that we receive online in the sense that a radio receives online broadcasts. Mediate influx is a kind of "broadcasting" phenomenon where the mind receives consciousness beamed from the Spiritual Sun.

We go online with mediate influx at birth, and never go off to eternity--since we are born immortal.

At this level of thinking, influx is a kind of power or force issuing from God and entering every human mind. By viewing mediate influx from a scientific perspective, we can examine it as a mechanism or process that can be described and researched. The concept of "Divine Speech," which we have discussed in several places, is a way of describing and understanding how mediate influx works (see Section xx). Consciousness always involves some rational content or meaning. That's part of what it is. The rational content of Divine Speech proceeds from the Spiritual Sun down into the layers of receptors in the human mind. Just like human speech has content and is carried by words, Divine Speech has a content that is carried by words at different level of rationality. The highest level of understanding Divine Speech is the Sacred Scripture Swedenborg saw in the highest or Third Heaven. This was written in "celestial correspondences."

From there, Sacred Scripture gets transformed into a lower form of rational content called "spiritual correspondences" of Divine Speech. From there it descends into "spiritual-natural" correspondences in the lowest heaven of the human mind. Finally, Divine Speech descends into the physical world into a natural language through "natural correspondences." This is the Sacred Scripture that we are familiar with here on earth.

The consciousness and rationality that human beings have from mediate influx is therefore embodied or carried in linguistic correspondences that are arranged in a series from lowest (natural) to highest (celestial).

In most ancient times on this earth the human race was celestial so that Divine Speech was not written down in Sacred Scripture, but was received directly and sensuously. The people were in inner conversation and contact with God through the angels who had been their parents and ancestors. There was dual consciousness similar to Swedenborg's. But at one point this race started misusing their understanding of Divine Speech, using the knowledge and power of correspondences to invent magic and cults or fantasies about the afterlife. Eventually everyone born in that race inherited this tendency and involvement with cults and all sorts of false obsessions. This celestial race was therefore extinguished and a new evolution of consciousness began with a new race which was spiritual, not celestial. That's us.

The celestial race had a unitary mind so that the affective and cognitive organs could not operate separately. This was reflected by correspondence in the structure of their brain which was unitary, while our race has split-brain--right and left. This physical structure reflects the new split in function between the affective and cognitive organs of the mind. People born with the old inherited racial will now were required to undergo a process called "regeneration." Through this process God slowly and progressively builds a "new will" by means of temptations in which we battle against old loves by using the weapons of the understanding. God gives us a conscience, which is an inner voice in our consciousness that flows in from Divine Speech.

Along with the inner oral voice of Divine Speech through conscience, God also gives an external written voice of Divine Speech through Sacred Scripture in a natural language.

Note carefully: God does not speak to us directly, either in an inner voice or an external voice, as took place with the celestial race. With our spiritual race direct communication with God is shut down, except in the case of a few people, as recorded in the Old and New Testaments, and in the case of Swedenborg. The reason has been discussed in several places in relation to sensuous vs. rational consciousness (see Section xx). To summarize: If God were to talk to us in our mind directly, we would no longer be able to maintain the as-of self appearance and we would lose all spiritual freedom, hence all salvation and all heaven. Instead, the only road upward to our heaven is a rational consciousness because heaven is a rational destination or state of mind. Sometimes pious or evangelical people say that God spoke to them and said this or that. We are not to interpret this as God speaking to them directly and saying words that you can quote.

For this would be Divine Speech, which is not given personally to anyone but only to the prophet who is writing Sacred Scripture. And we know from the Writings that Sacred Scripture has been completed in a rational series called the Threefold Word--the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the Writings--so that there is not going to be any new Sacred Scripture given in the future of human spiritual evolution (see Section xx).

 

 6.0.5.1.1  The Psychology of Cooperation  

 

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