COURSE: Anth 340 Primate Behavior and Ecology (Theory)
TIME: 10:30-11:45am Tuesdays and Thursdays, Fall 1997
PLACE: Webster Hall 116, University of Hawaii at Manoa
INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Les Sponsel, Professor (sponsel@hawaii.edu)
ORIENTATION:
During the first third of the semester the class will survey naturalistic field research on the undisturbed ecological and social interactions of free-ranging primate populations in their natural habitats, mainly though discussions of the Bramblett text. Also the instructor will discuss his own field research on vervet monkey ecology in the Awash of Ethiopia, squirrel monkey conservation in the Colombian Amazon, Yanomami predation on monkeys in the Venezuelan Amazon, and recently, the ethnoprimatology of macaques in southern Thailand.
During the remaining two thirds of the semester the class will focus mainly on exploring the boundaries of human/ape and violence/nonviolence through in-depth discussion of a recent synthesis (Wrangham-Peterson) and a series of student panel discussions of case studies on gorillas, common chimpanzees, bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees), and orangutans. We will also assess the UNESCO-Seville Statement on Violence.
During the last part of the semester, we will critically analyze from a primatological perspective the Bailey-Headland hypothesis and various phenomena at the boundary between science and fiction including Yeti (Bigfoot, Sasquatch), extraterrestrials, and isolated/feral humans. Finally, we will probe the moral boundaries between humans and apes as well as the violence which humans commit against apes by discussing the essays in The Great Ape Project and its "A Declaration on Great Apes."
FORMAT:
The course content will be explored through an integration of lectures, class discussions, panel discussions, individual student research, guests, videos, and slides.
GRADE:
The final grade will be based on quizzes (50%), field or library research report (15%), panel discussion (30%), class discussion and attendance (5%). Extra credit may be earned by writing brief reaction papers on relevant videos or movies, a book report, or term paper. (Titles must be approved in advance).
2.
READING:
Each student is required to carefully read and critically analyze all three main texts (Bramblett, Cavalieri-Singer, and Wrangham-Peterson) in general class discussions as well as one case study (either Galdikas, Goodall, Fossey, Kano, Power, or de Waal) in a panel discussion.
*Bramblett, Claude A., 1994. Patterns of Primate Behavior.
Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. $21.95 new/16.50 used
*Cavalieri, Paola, and Peter Singer, eds., 1993. The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. $14.95/11.25
Fossey, Dian, 1983. Gorillas in the Mist. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. $10.95/8.25
Galdikas, Birute M.F., 1995. Reflections of Eden: My Years with the Orangutans of Borneo. Boston, MA: Little and Brown.
$13.95/10.50
Goodall, Jane, 1991. Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
$14.00/10.50
Kano, Takayoshi, 1992. The Last Ape: Pygmy Chimpanzee Behavior and Ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Power, Margaret, 1991. The Egalitarians, Human and Chimpanzee: An Anthropological View of Social Organization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
de Waal, Frans, 1989. Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. $14.95/11.25
de Waal, Frans, 1996. Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
*Wrangham, Richard, and Dale Peterson, 1996. Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. $24.95/18.75
The above books are available for 2-day loan from the Reserve Room of Sinclair Library and most are available for purchase in the UH Bookstore. Some students may wish to share in the purchase of books.
Various optional readings are indicated in reference bibliographies of articles and books. Students are also encouraged to become familiar with the primate section on the third floor of Hamilton Library (QL 737 .P9 - .P965) and the following journals:
3.
American Journal of Primatology (1981- ) QL737 .P9 A566 Folia Primatologica (1963- ) QL737 .P9 F6
International Journal of Primatology (1980- ) QL737.P9I517 Primates (1958- ) QL700 .P722.
Occasionally articles on primates also appear in other journals including these:
Aggressive Behavior QL758.5 .A43
American Journal of Physical Anthropology GN1 .A55
American Zoologist QL1 A448
Animal Behaviour QL750 .B7
Animal Rights News HV4701 .A535
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology QL750 .B533
Behaviour QL750 .B39
Conservation Biology QH75 .A1 C665
Ecology QH540 .E3
Ethology BF1 .Z4
Ethology and Sociobiology BF1 .E73
Evolutionary Ecology QK1 .E93
International Wildlife S960 .I55
International Zoo Yearbook QL76 .I55
Journal of African Zoology QH194 .R48
Journal of Animal Ecology QL 750 .J65
Journal of Ecology QH540 .J68
Journal of Human Evolution GN281 .J63
Journal of Mammalogy QL700 .J6
Journal of Wildlife Management SK351 .J68
Journal of Zoology QL1 .Z564
Sociobiology QH 301 .S762
Wildlife Conservation QL1 .N5
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology GN60 .Y4
An annotated bibliography is available:
Wolfe, Linda D., 1987. Field Primatology: A Guide to Research. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, Inc.
QL737 .P9 W63 1987
A very useful bibliographic service at a modest fee is provided by:
Primate Information Center
University of Washington SJ-50
Seattle, WA 98195
Phone: 206-543-4376
FAX: 206-685-0305
Email: plj@u.washington.edu
NOTE: Suggestions for revisions of the syllabus will be most welcome and seriously considered at any time during the semester.
4.
SCHEDULE:
DATETOPIC READING
PART I: SURVEY OF BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY
August
26TIntroductions, syllabus, and overview (boundaries?)
Video segment: Primates
28Th Introduction to primatology Bramlett Chapter 1
Video: Prime Time Primates (Kuykenall Hall 207)
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September
2TThe diversity of primates 3
Video: Ultimate Guide: Great Apes (Kuy 207)
4ThField methods and techniques 5
Video segment: Macaques in Southern Thailand
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9TTropical forest ecosystems and biodiversity
Video segment: Tiwa: Island of the Apes(Sierra Leone)
Recommended video: Jungle (441)
11Th Primate ecology 4
Video segment: Red Monkey of Zanzibar (12772)
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16TPrimates in the laboratory 2
Video: Monkey Island (Cayo Santiago Rhesus Colony)
(Kuy 207)
18Th ********** Panels organize **********
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PART II: AGGRESSIVE AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIORS
23TPrimate roots of human violence? Wrangham-Peterson 1-7
Video segment: Among the Baboons (Shirley Strum)
25ThDiscussion continued 9-13
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PART III: PONGIDS (GREAT APES)
30TVideo: Search for the Great Apes (2785) (Kuy 207)
Recommended videos: Gorilla (1380), Lowland Gorilla,
Gorillas in the Mist (3257), Saving the Gorilla (1994)
October
2ThGorillas (Gorilla gorilla)- PANEL Dian Fossey
------------------------------------------------------------------- 7TVideo: The New Chimpanzees (Kuy 207)
Video recommended: Jane Goodall: My Life with the Chimpanzees (12939)
9ThCommon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) - PANEL Jane Goodall
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5.
14TVideo segment: Bonobos, Frans de Waal and Lionel Tiger
16ThBonobos (Pan paniscus) -captive colonies- PANEL Frans de Waal
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21TBonobos (Pan paniscus) -natural groups- PANEL Takayoshi Kano
23ThComparison of chimps and humans - PANEL Margaret Power
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28TVideo: Orangutans (Kuy 207)
30ThOrangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) - PANEL Birute Galdikas
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PART IV: APPLICATIONS
November
4TThe Bailey-Headland hypothesis: primatological perspective
6Th Bigfoot and extraterrestrials: primatological perspective
Video segment: Bigfoot
Video segment: Roswell
Video recommended: Wild Man of China (Frank Porier)
-------------------------------------------------------------------11THOLIDAY: Veterans Day
13ThNature-nurture revisited: human biology without society
Sinclair Library video assignment: Secret of the Wild Child (12779) and/or The Wild Child (5583)
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18T Field (Honolulu Zoo) or library research
20Th " "
-------------------------------------------------------------------25T " "
27ThHOLIDAY: Thanksgiving
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December
2TThe Great Ape Project Cavalieri-Singer Parts I-II
4Th Discussion continued III-IV
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9T Discussion continued V-VII
11Th Primate and forest conservation
Video segment: Lucy Wormser and the Pacific Primate Sanctuary
Guest: Lucy Wormser
__________________________________________________________________
18Th9:45-11:45 am Final quiz and field research reports due
_________________________________________________________________
8/97
PRIMATOLOGY AND PRIMATES:
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTICLES
PRIMATOLOGY
Akeley, Carl F., 1923. "Gorillas--- real and mythical," Natural History 23:428-447.
Carpenter, Clarence Ray, 1934. "A Field Study of the Behavior and Social Relations of Howling Monkeys," Comparative Psychology Monographs 10:1-168.
Cartmill, Matt, 1994. "Reinventing Anthropology," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 37:1-9.
DeVore, Irven, 1992. "An Interview with Sherwood Washburn," Current Anthropology 33(4):411-422.
Erwin, J., 1981. "The Comparative Nature of Primate Biology," American Journal of Primatology 1:125-127.
Eyestone, W.H., 1965. "Scientific and Administrative Concepts Behind the Establishment of Primate Centers," Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 147:1482-1487.
French, Jeffrey A., 1993. "A Demographic Analysis of the Membership of the American Society of Primatologists: 1992," American Journal of Primatology 29:159-165.
Frisch, J.E., 1959. "Research on Primate Behavior in Japan," American Anthropologist 61:584-596.
Harlow, Harry F., 1968. "Robert M. Yerkes," in International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences 16:587-589.
Hooton, Earnest A., 1954. "The Importance of Primate Studies in Anthropology," Human Biology 26(3):179-188.
IPS, 1996. "International Primatological Society Membership List," International Journal of Primatology 17(6):1005-1057.
Izard, M.K., 1989. "Duke University Primate Center," Journal of Medical Primatology 18:85-98.
Keith, Arthur, 1940. "Fifty Years Ago," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 26:251-267.
Kummer, Hans, 1967. "Dimensions of a Comparative Biology of Primate Groups," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 27:357-366.
Mason, William A., 1990. "Premises, Promises, and Problems of Primatology," American Journal of Primatology 22:123-138.
Ribnick, Rosalind, 1982. "A Short History of Primate Field Studies: Old World Monkeys and Apes," in A History of Physical Anthropology 1930-1980, Frank Spencer, ed.
Richards, Alison, 1981. "Changing Assumptions in Primate Ecology," American Anthropologist 83(3):517-533.
Schultz, Adolph H., 1952. "Primatology in its Relation to Anthropology," in Current Anthropology, William L. Thomas, ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 698-702.
Simonds, Paul, 1962. "The Japan Monkey Center," Current Anthropology 3(3):303-305.
Sugiyama, Yukimaru, 1965. "Short History of the Ecological and Sociological Studies on Nonhuman Primates in Japan," Primates 6(4):457-460.
Teleki, Geza, 1981. "C. Raymond Carpenter, 1905-1975," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56(4):383-386.
Tinbergen, Niko, 1963. "On Aims and Methods of Ethology," Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 20(4):410-433.
Washubrn, Sherwood L., 1951. "The New Physical Anthropology," Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences Ser. II, 13:298-304.
Washburn. Sherwood L., 1962. "The Strategy of Physical Anthropology," in Anthropology Today, Sol Tax, ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-14.
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Washburn, Sherwood L., 1973. "The Promise of Primatology," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 38(2):177-182.
Wilson, Edward O., 1971. "The Prospects for a Unified Sociobiology," American Scientist 59(4):400-403.
PRIMATE DIVERSITY
Bourlier, Francois, 1985. "Primate Communities: Their Structure and Role in Tropical Ecosystems," International Journal of Primatology 6(1):1-26.
Chapman, Colin A., and J. Lauren, 1996. "Mixed-Species Primate Groups in the Kibale Forest: Ecological Constraints on Association," International Journal of Primatology 17(1):31-50.
Happel, Ruth E., 1987. "Distribution, Abundance, and Endangerment of Primates," in Primate Conservation in the Tropical Rain Forest, Clive W. Marsh and R.A. Mittermeier, eds. New York, NY: Akan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 63-82.
Rowell, Thelma E., 1979. "How Would We Know If Social Organization
Were Not Adaptive," in Primate Ecology and Human Origins: Ecological Influences on Social Organization, Irwin S. Bernstein and Euclid O. Smith, eds. New York, NY: Garland STPM Press, pp. 1-22.
Rylands, A.B., 1987. "Primate Communities in Amazonian Forests: Their Habitats and Food Resources," Experienta 43(3):265-279.
Terborgh, J., and C.H. Janson, 1986. "The Socioecology of Primate Groups," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17:111-135.
FIELD METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
Altman, Jeanne, 1974. "Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods," Behaviour 49(3-4):227-267.
Fedigan, L., and L.M. Fedigan, 1988. "Cercopithecus aethiops: A Review of Field Studies," in A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons, A. Gauthier-Hion, et al., eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 389-411.
Klein, Lewis, 1971. "Case Study: Primates in the Field," Anthropology Today. :Communications Research Machines, Inc., pp. 64-75.
Kurland, Jeffrey A., and Steven J.C. Gaulin, 1987. "Comparability Among Measures of Primate Diets," Primates 28(1):71-77.
Mittermeier, Russell A., 1987. "Effects of Hunting on Rain Forest Primates," in Primate Conservation in the Tropical Rain Forest, C.W. Marsh and R.A. Mittermeier, eds., pp. 109-146.
Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko, 1990. "Monkey as Metaphor? Transformations of a Polytropic Symbol in Japanese Culture," Man 25:89-107.
Peffer, Randall, 1989 (January). "On Malay Peninsula Picking Coconuts is Monkey Business," Smithsonian 19(10):111-118.
Plumptre, A.J., and V. Reynolds, 1996. "Censusing Chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest Uganda," International Journal of Primatology 17(1):85-99.
Schaller, George B., 1965. "Field Procedures," Primate Behavior, Irven DeVore, ed. pp. 623-629.
Sponsel, Leslie E., et al., 1974. "Evaluation of Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) ranching on Santa Sofia Island, Amazonas, Colombia," International Zoo Yearbook 14:233-240.
Sponsel, Leslie E., 1997. "The Human Niche in Amazonia: Explorations in Ethnoprimatology," in New World Primates: Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Warren Kinzey, ed. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 143-165.
Strusaker, T.T., 1967. "Ecology of Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the Masai-Amboseli Game Reserve, Kenya," Ecology 48:891-904.
Tinbergen, Niko, 1963. "On Aims and Methods of Ethology," Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 20:410-433.
TROPICAL FORESTS ECOSYSTEMS AND ECOLOGY
Bourliere, Francois, 1985. "Primate Communities: Their Structure and Role in Tropical Ecosystems," International Journal of Primatology 6(1):1-26.
Heideman, P.D., 1989. "Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Phenology of Flowering and Fruiting in a Tropical Rain Forest," Journal of Ecology 77:1059-1079.
Perry, D.R., 1984. "The Canopy of Tropical Rain Forest," Scientific American 251(5):138-147.
Richards, Paul W., 1973 (December). "The Tropical Rain Forest," Scientific American 229(6):58-67.
Smythe, N., 1986. "Competition and Resource Partitioning in the Guild of Neotropical Terrestrial Frugivorous Mammals," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17:169-188.
PRIMATE ECOLOGY
Albrecht, Gene H., 1980. "Latitudinal, Taxonomic, Sexual, and Insular Determinants of Size Variation in Pigtail Macaques (Macaca nemestrina)," Internaitonal Journal of Primatology 1(1):141-152.
Andrews, Peter, 1992. "Communtiy Evolution in Forest Habitats," Journal of Human Evolution 22(4/5):423-438.
Cant, J.C.H., 1980. "What Limits Primates?" Primates 21(4):538-544.
Eisenberg, J.F., N.A. Muckenhirn, and R. Rudran, 1972. "The Relation between Ecology and Social Structure in Primates," Science 176(4037):1-12.
Freeland, W.J., 1976. "Pathogens and the Evolution of Primate Sociality," Biotropica 8:12-24.
Furuichi, T., et al., 1982. "Winter Range Utilization of a Japanese Macaque Troop in a Snowy Habitat," Folia Primatologica 37(1-2):77-94.
Hamilton, William J., III, 1988. "Demographic Consequences of a Food and Water Shortage to Desert Chacma Baboons Papio ursinus," International Journal of Primatology 6(5):451-462.
Loy, J., 1970. "Behavioral Responses of Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys to a Food Shortage," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 33:263-271.
Marsh, C.W., 1981. "Time Budget of Tana River Red Colobus," Folia Primatologica 35:30-50.
May, R.M., and J. Seger, 1986. "Ideas in Ecology," American Scientist 74:256-267.
Milton, Katharine, 1981. "Distributional Patterns of Tropical Plant Foods as an Evolutionary Stimulus to Primate Mental Development," American Anthropologist 83:534-548.
Milton, Katharine, 1993. "Diet and Primate Evolution," Scientific American 269(2):86-93.
Nakagawa, Naofumi, 1989. "Bioenergetics of Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata) on Kinkazan Island During the Winter," Primates 30(4):441-460.
Richard, Alison, 1981. "Changing Assumptions in Primate Ecology," American Anthropologist 83(3):517-533.
Stammbach, E., 1987. "Desert, Forest and Montane Baboons: Multilevel Societies," in Primate Societies, Barbara B. Smuts, et al., eds. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 112-120.
Sussman, Robert W., 1991. "Primate Origins and the Evolution of Angiosperms," American Journal of Primatology 23:209-223.
Suzuki, A., 1965. "An Ecological Study of Wild Japanese Monekys in Snowy Areas Focused on their Food Habits," Primates 6:31-72.
PRIMATES IN THE LABORATORY
Rowell, Thelma, 1967. "A Quantitative Comparison of the Behavior of a Wild and a Caged Baboon Group," Animal Behavior 15:499-509.
Rumbaugh, Duane M., 1971. "Zoos: Valuable Adjuncts for the Instruction of Animal Behavior," BioScience 21(15):806-809.
PRIMATE ROOTS OF HUMAN VIOLENCE?
Bartlett, T.Q., R.W. Sussman, and J.M. Cheverud, 1993. "Infant Killing in Primates: A Review of Observed Cases with Specific Reference to the Sexual Selection Hypothesis," American Anthropologist 95(4):958-990.
Boehm, Christopher, 1992. "Segmentary `Warfare' and the Management of Conflict: Comparison of East African Chimpanzees and Patrilineal-Patrilocal Humans," in Coalittions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals, A.H. Harcourt and Frans B.M. de Waal, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 137-173.
Brereton, A.R., 1995. "Coercion-Defense Hypothesis: The Evolution of Primate Sociality," Folia Primatologica 64(4):207-214.
Butovskaya, M.L., and A.G. Kozintsev, 1996. "A Neglected Form of Quasi-aggression in Apes: Possible Relevance for the Origins of Humor," Current Anthropology 37(4):716-717.
Carpenter, C.R., 1968. "The Contribution of Primate Studies to the Understanding of War," War: The Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression, Morton Fried, Marvin Harris, and Robert Murphy, eds. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, pp. 49-61.
Chalmeau, R., and A. Gallo, 1996. "Cooperation in Primates: Critical Analysis of Behavioural Criteria," Behavioral Processes 35(1-3):101-111.
Chapais, B., 1991. "Primates and the Origins of Aggression, Power and Politics Among Humans," in Understanding Behavior, J.D. Loy and C.B. Peters, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 190-228.
Chapais, B., 1995. "Alliances as a Means of Competition in Primates: Evolutionary, Developmental, and Cognitive Aspects," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 38:115-136.
Crawford, C., and B.M.F. Galdikas, 1986. "Rape in Non-Human Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective," Canadian Psychology 27(3):215-230.
Dart, Raymond A., 1953. "The Predatory Transition from Ape to Man," International Anthropological and Linguistic Review 1(4):201-218.
Feistner, A.T.C., and W.C. McGrew, 1989. "Food-sharing in Primates: A Critical Review," Perspectives in Primate Biology, volume 3, P.K. Seth and S. Seth, eds. New Delhi, India:Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, pp. 21-26.
Givens, R. Dale, 1975. "Aggression in Nonhuman Primates: Implications for Understanding Human Behavior," in War, Its Causes and Correlates, Martin A, Nettleship, et al., eds. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton, pp. 263-280.
Hamburg, D.A., 1991. "An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Aggression," in The Development and Integration of Behaviour, P. Bateson, ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 419-460.
Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, Mariko, 1987. "Infanticide in Primates and a Possible Case of Male-Biased Infanticide in Chimpanzees," in Animal Societies: Theories and Facts, J.L. Ito, J. Brown, and J. Kikkawa, eds. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Scientific Societies Press, pp. 125-139.
Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, Mariko, 1992. "Cannibalism Among Non-Human Primates," in Cannibalism: Ecology and Evolution among Diverse Taxa, Mark A. Elgar and Bernard J. Crespi, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 323-338.
Holloway, Ralph L., Jr., 1968. "Human Aggression: The Need for a Species-Specific Framework," in War: The Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression, Morton Fried, Marvin Harris, and Robert Murphy, eds. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, pp. 29-48.
Hrdy, Sarah B., 1979. "Infanticide among Animals: A Review, Classification, and Examination of the Implications for the Reproductive Strategies of Females," Ethology and Sociobiology 1:13-40.
Hrdy, S.B., C. Janson, and C. van Scjaik, 1994/95. "Infanticide: Let's not throw the baby out with the bath water," Evolutionary Anthropology 3(5):151-154.
Huntingford, Felicity A., 1976. "The Relationship between Intra- and Inter-Specific Aggression," Animal Behaviour 24:485-497.
Isbell, L.A., 1991. "Contest and Scramble Competiton: Patterns of Female Aggression and Ranging Behavior Among Primates," Behavioral Ecology 2(2):143-155.
Jurmain, Robert, 1997. "Skeletal Evidence of Trauma in African Apes, with Special Reference to the Gombe Chimpanzees," Primates 38(1):1-14.
Kappeler, P.M., and van Schaik, C.P., 1992. "Methodological and Evolutionary Aspects of Reconciliation Among Primates," Ethology 92(1):51-69.
Knauft, Bruce M., 1991. "Violence and Sociality in Human Evolution," Current Anthropology 32(4):391-428.
Liska, J., 1990. "Dominance-seeking Strategies in Primates: An Evolutionary Perspective," Human Evolution 5(1):75-90.
Lund, M.H., 1995. "Prehuman Genocide," Human Evolution 10(3):225-231.
Lyons, D.M., 1993. "Conflict as a Constructive Force in Social Life," in Primate Social Conflict, W.A. Mason and S.P. Mendoza, eds., pp. 387-408. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Marshall, E., 1996. "Probing Primate Morality," Science 271(5251):904.
Palmer, C.T., 1989. "Rape in Nonhuman Animal Species: Definitions, Evidence, and Implications," Journal of Sex Research 26(3):355-374.
Pitcairn, Thomas K., 1974. "Aggression in Natural Groups of Pongids," Primate Aggression, Territoriality, and Xenophobia, Ralph L. Holloway, ed. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 241-274.
Popp, Joseph, and Irven DeVore, 1979. "Aggressive COmpetition and Social Dominance Theory," in The Great Apes, David A. Hamburg and Elizabeth R. McCown, eds. Menlo Park, CA: Benjaminm/Cummings Publishing Co., pp. 317-338.
Schubert, Glendon, 1991. "Introduction: Primatological Theory," in Primate Politics, Glendon Schuburt and Roger D. Masters, eds. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, pp. 29-36.
Schubert, Glendon, 1991. "Primate Politics," in Primate Politics, Glendon Schubert and Roger D. Masters, eds. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, pp. 37-56.
Singh, Sheo Dan, 1969. "Urban Monkeys," Scientific American 221(1):108-115.
Smuts, Barbara, 1987. "What Are Friends For?," Natural History 6(2):36-45.
Smuts, Barbara, 1989. "Primate Detente," Natural History 4:91-95.
Sponsel, Leslie E., 1996. "The Natural History of Peace: A Positive View of Human Nature and its Potential," in A Natural History of Peace, Thomas Gregor, ed. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, pp.95-125.
Steinberg, J., 1996. "Peace Signs in Nonhuman Primates," Journal of NIH Research 8(5):26-28.
Strum Shirley, 1985. "Baboons May Be Smarter Than People," Animal Kingdom 88(2):12-15.
Sussman, Robert W., James M. Cheverud, and Thad Q. Bartlett, 1994. "Infant Killiung as an Evolutionary Strategy: Reality and Myth?," Evolutionary Anthropology 3(5):149-151.
Thornhill, R., and N.W. Thornhill, 1983. "Human Rape: An Evolutionary Perspective," Ethology and Sociobiology 4:137-173.
van Hoof, J.A.R.A.M., 1990. "Intergroup Competition and Conflict in Animals and Man," in Sociobiology and Conflict: Evolutionary Perspectives on Competition, Cooperation, Violence and Warfare, J. van der Dennen, and V. Falger, eds. London, UK: Chapman and Hall, pp. 23-54.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1986. "Conflict Resolution in Monkeys and Apes," Primates: The Road to Self-Sustaining Populations, Kurt Benirschke, ed., New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, pp. 341-350.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1992. "Aggression as a Well-Integrated Part of Primate Social Relationships: A Critique of the Seville Statement on Violence," in Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates, J. Silverberg and J.P. Gray, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 37-56.
Waal, Frans B.M., 1993. "Reconciliation among Primates: A Review of Empirical Evidence and Unresolved Issues," in Primate Social Conflict, W.A. Mason and S.P. Mendoza, eds. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 111-144.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1996. "The Biological Basis of Peaceful Coexistence: A Review of Reconciliation Research on Monkeys and Apes," in A Natural History of Peace, Thomas Gregor, ed. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 37-70.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1996. "Conflict as Negotiation," in Great Ape Societies, W.C. McGrew, L.F. Marchant, and T. Nishida, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 159-172.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, and A.H. Harcourt, 1992. "Coalitions and Alliances: A History of Ethological Research," in Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals, A.H. Harcourt, and F.B.M. de Waal, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-27.
Walter, Jeffrey R., and Robert M. Seyfarth, 1987. "Conflict and Cooperation," Primate Societies, Barbara B. Smuts, et al., eds. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 306-317.
THE GREAT APES
Begun, David R., 1994. "Relations Among the Great Apes and Humans: New Interpretations Based on the Fossil Great Ape Dryoithecus," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 37:11-63.
Cartmill, Matt, 1990. "Human Uniqueness and Theoretical Content in Paleoanthropology," International Journal of Primatology 11(3):173-192.
Fleagle, John G., and Richard F. Kay, eds., 1994. "Anthropoid Origins: Past, Present, and Future," Anthropoid Apes, John G. Fleagle and Richard F. Kay, eds. New York, NY: Plenum Press, pp. 675-698.
Gould, Stephen Jay, 1996. "On Common Ground: Brothers Under the Hair," The Sciences 36(1):32- .
Hayes, Harold T.P., 1983. "Living Relics of Our Past," International Wildlife 13(2):4-13.
Hemelrijk, C.K., 1996. "Reciprocation in Apes: From Complex Cognition to Self-Structuring," in Great Ape Societies, W.C. McGrew, et al., eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 185-195.
Herbert, Patricia L., 1994. "Twenty-Five Years of Behavioral Research on Great Apes: Trends Between 1967-1991," Journal of Comparative Psychology 108(4):373-380.
Linden, Eugene, 1992 (March). "Apes and Humans: A Curious Kinship," National Geographic 181(3):2-45.
Lowenstein, Jerold, and Adrienne Zihlman, 1988. "The Invisible Ape," New Scientist 120(1641):56-59.
Mason, William A., 1993. "The Nature of Social Conflict: A Psycho-Ethological Perspective," in Primate Social Conflict, William A. Mason and Sally P. Mendoza, eds., Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 13-47.
Mason, William A., and Sally P. Mendoza, 1993. "Primate Social Conflict: An Overview of Sources, Forms, and Consequences," in Primate Social Conflict, William A. Mason and Sally P. Medoza, eds. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 1-12
Nadler, R.D., 1988. "Sexual Aggression in the Great Apes," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 528:154-162.
Nadler, R.D., 1989. "Sexual Aggression in Common Chimpanzee, Gorilla and Orang-utan," Primate Report 23:5-11.
Rumbaugh, Duane M., 1990. "Comparative Psychology of the Great Apes," The Psychological Record 40(1):15-39.
Silverberg, James, and J. Patrick Gray, 1992. "Violence and Peacefulness as Behavioral Potentialities of Primates," in Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates, James Silverberg and J. Patrick Gray, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-36.
Strier, Karen B., 1994. "Myth of the Typical Primate," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 37:233-271.
Tuttle, Russell H., 1990. "Apes of the World," American Scientist 78(2):115-125.
Walker, Alan, and Mark Teaford, 1989. "The Hunt for Proconsul," Scientific American 260(1):76-82.
Wilson, A.C., and R.L. Cann, 1992. "The Recent African Genesis of Human Genes," Scientific American 266:68-73.
Wrangham, Richard W., 1987. "African Apes: The Significance of African Apes for Reconstructing Human Social Evolution," in The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models, Warren G. Kinzey, ed. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 51-71.
Wynn, T., and W.C. McGrew, 1989. "An Ape's View of Oldowan," Man 24(3):383-398.
GORILLA
Fossey,Dian, 1970. "Making Friends with Mountain Gorillas," National Geographic Magazine 137:48-67.
Fossey, Dian, 1973. "More Years with Mountain Gorillas," National Geographic Magazine 140:574-585.
Fossey, Dian, 1981. "The Imperiled Mountain Gorilla," National Geographic Magazine 159:500-523.
Harcourt, A.H., and K.J. Stewart, 1985. "Competition and Cooperation in a Gorilla Population," National Geographic Society Research Reports 20:321-329.
Harcourt, A.H., and K.J. Stewart, 1989. "Functions of Alliances in Contests within Wild Gorilla Groups," Behaviour 109(3-4):176-190.
Mahaney, William C., David P. Watts, and R.G.V. Hancock, 1990. "Geophagia by Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in the Virunga Mountains, Rwanda," Primates 31(1):113-120.
Patterson, ,Francine G., 1978. "Conversations with a Gorilla," The National Geographic Magazine 154:438-465.
Salopek, Paul F., and George B. Schaller, 1995 (October). "The Mountain Gorillas of Africa," National Geographic 188(4):58-83.
Vedder, Amy L., 1984. "Movement Patterns of a Group of Free-Ranging Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and their Relation to Food Availability," American Journal of Primatology 7:73-88.
Watts, David P., 1984. "Composition and Variability of Mountain Gorilla Diets in the Central Virungas," American Journal of Primatology 7(4):323-356.
Watts, David P., 1989. "Infanticide in Mountain Gorillas: New Cases and a Reconsideration of the Evidence," Ethology 81(1):1-18.
Watts, David P., 1994. "Agonistic Relationships Between Female Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 34(5):347-358.
Watts, David P., 1995. "Post-Conflict Social Events in Wild Mountain Gorilla," Ethology 100(2):139-157, 158-174.
Watts, David P., 1996. "Comparative Socio-Ecology of Gorillas," in Great Ape Societies, W.C. McGrew, L.F. Marchant, and T. Nishida, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16-28.
Watts, David P., 1997. "Agonistic Interventions in Wild Mountain Gorilla Groups," Behaviour 134(1-2):23-57.
Williamson, Elizabeth A., 1990. "Composition of the Diet of Lowland Gorillas at Lope in Gabon," American Journal of Primatology 21:265-277.
COMMON CHIMPANZEES
Boesch, Christophe, and H. Boesch, 1989. "Hunting Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees in the Tai National Park," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78(4):547-573.
Boesch, Christophe, 1990. "First Hunters of the Forest," New Scientist 126(1717):38-41.
Boesch, Christophe, 1994. "Cooperative Hunting in Wild Chimpanzees," Animal Behaviour 48(3):653-667.
Boesch, Christophe, and Hedwige Boesch, 1990. "Tool Use and Tool Making in Wild Chimpanzees," Folia Primatologica 54:86-99.
Dawkins, Richard, 1993. "Meet My Cousin the Chimp," New Scientist 138(1876):36-38.
Dyke, Bennett, et al., 1995. "Model Life Table for Captive Chimpanzees," American Journal of Primatology 37:25-37.
Ghiglieri, Michael, 1985. "The Social Ecology of Cimpanzees," Scientific American 252:102-104, 109-113.
Ghiglieri, Michael, 1987. "War among the Chimpanzees,"
Discover 8(11):67-76.
Goodall, Jane, 1963. "My Life among Wild Chimpanzees," National Geographic 124(2):272-308.
Goodall, Jane van Lawick, 1965. "New Discoveries Among Africa's Chimpanzees," National Geographic Magazine 128:802-831.
Goodall, Jane, 1979. "Life and Death at Gombe," National Geographic Magazine 155:592-621.
Goodall, Jane, 1991. "Unusual Violence in the Overthrow of an Alpha Male Chimpanzee at Gombe," in Topics in Primatology, Toshisada Nishida, et al., eds. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, volume 1, pp. 131-142.
Goodall, Jane, 1991. "Gombe Chimpanzee Politics," in Primate Politics, Glendon Schubert and Roger D. Masters, eds. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, pp. 105-137.
Itani, J., 1979. "Distribution and Adaptation of Chimpanzees in an Arid Area," in The Great Apes, D.A. Hamburg and E.R. McCown, eds., Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, pp. 55-71.
Izawa, K., 1970. "Unit Groups of Chimpanzees and Their Nomadism in the Savanna Woodland," Primates 11(1):1-46.
Jurmain, Robert, 1997. "Skeletal Evidence of Trauma in African Apes, with Special Reference to be Gombe Chimpanzees," Primates 38(1):1-14.
Kortlandt, A., 1962. "Chimpanzees in the Wild," Scientific American 206(5):128-138.
Koyama, N.F., and R.I.M. Dunbar, 1996. "Anticipation of Conflict by Chimpanzees," Primates 37(1):79-86.
McGrew, W.C., P.J. Baldwin, and C.E.G. Tutin, 1981. "Chimpanzees in a Hot, Dry and Open Habitat: Mt. Assirik, Senegal," Journal of Human Evolution 10(3):227-244.
Merewood, Anne, 1991. "Plants of the Apes," Wildlife COnservation 94(2):54-59.
Moore, Jim, 1992. "`Savanna' Chimpanzees," in Topics in Primatology, Toshisada Nishida, et al., eds. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 99-118.
Nishida, T., 1990. "A Quarter Century of Research in the Mahale Mountains: An Overview," in The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, T. Nishida, ed. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 3-35.
Nishida, T., and K. Kawanaka, 1985. "Within-Group Cannibalism by Adult Male Chimpanzees," Primates 26(3):274-284.
Power, Margaret, 1986. "The Foraging Adaptation of Chimpanzees and the Recent Behaviors of the Provisioned Apes in Gombe and Mahale National Parts, Tanzania," Human Evolution 1(3):251-265.
Pusey, Anne E., 1980. "Inbreeding Avoidance in Chimpanzees," Animal Behavior 28:543-552.
Reynolds, Vernon, 1975. "How Wild are the Gombe Chimpanzees," Man 10(1):123-125.
Stanford, C.B., J. Wallis, E. Mpongo, and J. Goodall, 1994. "Hunting Decisions in Wild Chimpanzees," Behaviour 131(1-2):1-18.
Stanford, C.B., J. Wallis, H. Matama, J. Goodall, 1994. "Patterns of Predation by Chimpanzees on Red Colobus Monkeys in Gombe National Park, 1982-1991," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94(2):213-228.
Sugiyama, Yukimaru, 1995. "Drinking Tools of Wild Chimpanzees at Bossou," American Journal of Primatological 37:263-269.
Sussman, Randall, ed., 1987. "Pygmy Chimpanzees and Common Chimpanzees: Models for the Behavioral Ecology of the Earliest Hominid," in The Evolution of Human Behavior, Warren G. Kinzey, ed. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 72-86.
Suzuki, A. 1969. "An Ecological Study of Chimpanzees in Savanna Woodland," Primates 10(2):103-148.
Takahata, Y., 1985. "Adult Male Chimpanzees Kill and Eat a Male Newborn Infant: Newly Observed Intragroup Infanticide and Cannibalism in Mahale Park, Tanzania," Folia Primatologica 44(3-4):161-170.
Tanner, Nancy M., 1987. "Gathering by Females: The CHimpanzee Model Revisited and the Gathering Hypothesis," in The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Model, Warren G. Kinzey, ed. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 3-27.
Teleki, Geza, 1973. "Group Response to the Accidental Death of a Chimpanzee in Gombe National Park, Tanzania," Folia Primatologica 20(2-3):81-94.
Teleki, Geza, 1973. "The Omnivorous Chimpanzee," Scientific American 228(1):33-42.
Tutin, C.E.G., 1983. "Social Organization of Savanna-dwelling Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes versus at Mt. Assirik,:" Primates 24(2):154-173.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1986. "The Brutal Elimination of a Rival Among Captive Male Chimpanzees," Ethology and Sociobiology 7(3-4):237-251.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1991. "The Chimpanzee's Sense of Social Regularity and its Relation to the Human Sense of Justice," Animal Behavioral Scientist 34(3):335-349.
PYGMY CHIMPANZEES (BONOBOS)
Badrian, Noel, Alison Badrian, and Randall L. Susman, 1981. "Preliminary Observations on the Feeding Behavior of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest of Central Zaire," Primates 22(2):173-181.
Blount, B.G., 1990. "Issues in Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Sexual Behavior," American Anthropologist 92(3):702-714.
Chalmeau, R., and A. Gallo, 1995. "Cooperation in Primates: Critical Analysis of Behavioural Criteria," Behavioural Processes 35(1-3):101-111.
Falger, V.S.E., 1990. "The Arnhem Zoo Chimpanzee Project: A Political Scientist's Evaluation," Social Science Information 29(1):33-54.
Hashimoto, Chie, 1997. "Context and Development of Sexual Behavior of Wild Bonobos," International Journal of Primatology 18(1):1-21.
Ihobe, Hiroshi, 1992. "Observations on the Meat-Eating Behavior of Wild Bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba, Republic of Zaire," Primates 33(2):247-250.
Ingmanson, E., and T. Kano, 1993. "Waging Peace: Among the Humanlike Bonobos of Zaire's Central Rain Forest, Cooperation, Not Conflict, Orders Society," International Wildlife 23(6):30-37.
Kano, Takayoshi, 1990. "The Bonobo's Peaceable Kingdom," Natural History 11:62-71.
Linden, Eugene, 1992 (March). "Bonobos: Chimpanzees with a Difference," National Geographic 181(3):46-53.
Malenky, Richard K., and Edmund W. Stiles, 1991. "Distribution of Terrestrial Herbaceous Vegetation and Its Consumption by (Pan paniscus) in the Lomako Forest, Zaire" Ameican Journal of Primatology 23:151-169.
Marshall, E., 1996. "Probing Primate Morality," Science 271(5251):904.
Nishida, T., and M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, 1987. "Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Cooperative Relationships among Males," in Primate Societies, Barbara B. Smuts, et al., eds. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 165-177.
Parish, A.R., 1994. "Sex and Food Control in the Uncommon Chimpanzee: How Bonobo Females Overcome a Phylogenetic Legacy of Male Dominance," Ethology and Sociobiology 15(3):157-179.
Parish, A.R., 1996. "Female Relationships in Bonobos (Pan paniscus): Evidence for Bonding, Cooperation, and Female Dominance in Male-Philopatric Species," Human Nature 7(1):61-96.
Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, and Roger Lewin, 1994. "Ape at the Brink," Discover 15(9):90-98.
Uehara, Shigeo, 1990. "Utilization Patterns of a Marsh Grassland Within the Tropical Rain Forest by the Bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Yalosidi, Republic of Zaire," Primates 31(3):311-322.
Vasey, P.L., 1995. "Homosexual Behavior in Primates: A Review of Evidence and Theory," International Journal of Primatology 16(2):173-204.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1995. "Bonobo Sex and Society," Scientific American 272(3):82-88.
Walter, J.R., and R. M. Seyfarth, 1987. "Conflict and Cooperation in Primate Societies," in Primate Societies, Barbara B. Smuts, et al. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 306-317.
White, Frances J., 1992. "Activity Budgets, Feeding Behavior, and Habitat of Pygmy Chimpanzees at Lomako, Zaire," American Journal of Primatology 26:215-223.
White, Frances J., 1994. "Food Sharing in Wild Pygmy Chimpanzees," Current Primatology, volume II, J.J. Roeder, B. Thierry, J.R. Anderson, and N. Herrenschmidt, eds. Strasbourg, France: Universty Louis Pasteur, pp. 1-10.
White, Frances J., 1996. "Pan paniscus 1973 to 1996: Twenty-three years of Field Research," Evolutionary Anthropology 5(1):11-17.
White, Frances J., 1996. "Comparative Socio-Ecology of Pan paniscus," Great Ape Societies, W.C. McGrew, et al., eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29-41.
COMPARISON OF HUMANS AND CHIMPANZEES
Boehm, Christopher, 1992. "Segmentary `Warfare' and the Management of Conflict: Comparison between East African Chimpanzees and Patrilineal-Patrilocal Humans," in Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals, A.H. Harcourt and Frans B.M. de Waal, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 137-173.
Boesch, Christophe, 1996. "Rain Forest Chimpanzees: The Human Connection," Nature and Resources 32(1):26-32.
Boesch-Achermann, H., and Christophe Boesch, 1994. "Hominization in the Rain Forest: The Chimpanzee's Piece of the Puzzle," Evolutionary Anthropology 3(1):9-16.
Cherry, Lorraine M., Susan M. Case, and Allan C. Wilson, 1978. "Frog Perspective on the Morphological Difference Between Humans and Chimpanzees," Science 200:209-211.
Klopfer, Peter H., 1981. "The Naked Ape Reclothed," American Journal of Primatology 1:301-305.
Kortlandt, A., and M. Kooij, 1963. "Protohominid Behaviour in Primates," Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 10:61-88.
Manson, J.H., and R.W. Wrangham, 1991. "Intergroup Aggression in Chimpanzees and Humans," Current Anthropology 32(4):369-390.
McGrew, W.C., and A.T.C. Feistner, 1992. "Two Nonhuman Primate Models for the Evolution of Human Food Sharing: Chimpanzees and Callitrichids," The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, J.H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 229-243.
McGrew, W.C., et al., 1982. "On Early Hominid Plant Food Niches," Current Anthropology 23:213-214.
Reynolds, Vernon, 1994. "Kinship in Nonhuman and Human Primates," in Hominid Culture in Primate Perspective, D. Quiatt and J. Itani, eds. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, pp. 137-165.
Rodseth, Lars, et al., 1991. "The Human Community as a Primate Society," Current Anthropology 32(3):221-254.
Small, M.F., 1993. "New Discoveries from Chimpanzee Populations Spread Across Africa Reveal That the Roots of Human Culture are Deeper Than We Thought," Wildlife Conservation 96(4):16-23.
Stanford, C.B., 1995. "Chimpanzee Hunting Behavior and Human Evolution," American Scientist 83(3):255-261.
Stanford, C.B., 1996. "The Hunting Ecology of Wild Chimpanzees: Implications for the Evolutionary Ecology of Pliocene Hominids," American Anthropologist 98(1):96-113.
Susman, Randall L., 1987. "Pygmy Chimpanzees and Common Chimpanzees: Models for the Behavioral Ecology of the Earliest Hominids," The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models, Warren G. Kinzey, ed. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 72-86.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1989. "Food Sharing and Reciprocal Obligations among Chimpanzees," Journal of Human Evolution 18(5):433-459.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1989. "Behavioral Contrasts Between Bonobo and Chimpanzee," in Understanding Chimpanzees, P.G. Heltne and L.A. Marquardt, eds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 154-175.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1992. "Sex as an Alternative to Aggression: Implications for the Origin of the Human Family," Sex Matters, W. Bezemer, et al., eds. New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 97-100.
Wrangham, Richard W., 1979. "On the Evolution of Ape Social Systems," Social Science Information 18:335-368.
ORANGUTANS
Galdikas-Brindamour, Birute, 1975. "Orangutans, Indonesia's `People of the Forest'," National Geographic Magazine 148:444-473.
Galdikas, Birute M.F., 1980. "Indonesia's Orangutans: Living with the Great Orange Apes," National Geographic 157(6):830-853.
Galdikas, Birute M.F., 1982. "Orangutan Tool-Use at Tanjung Puting Reserve, Central indonesian Borneo," Journal of Human Evolution 11:19-33.
Galdikas, Birute M.F., 1988. "Orangutan Diet, Range, and Activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo," International Journal of Primatology 9(1):1-35.
Galdikas, Birute M.F., 1990. "My Life with Orangutans," International Wildlife 20(2):34-40.
Galdikas, Birute M.F., 1994. "Waiting for Orangutans," Discover 15(12):100-106.
Sugardjito, Jito, and Nur Nurhuda, 1981. "Meat-eating Behavior in Wild Orang Utans, Pongo pygmaeus," Primates 22(3):414-416.
van Schaik, C.P., J.A.R.A.M. van Hoof, 1996. "Toward an Understanding of the Orangutan's Social System," in Great Ape Societies, W.C. McGrew, L.F. Marchant, and T. Nishida, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-15.
BAILEY-HEADLAND HYPOTHESIS
Bailey, Robert C., and Thomas N. Headland, 1991. "Introduction: Have Hunter-Gatherers Ever Lived in Tropical Rain Forest Independently of Agriculture?," Human Ecology 19(2):261-285.
Bailey, Robert C., and Thomas N. Headland, 1991. "The Tropical Rain Forest: Is it a Productive Environment for Human Foragers?," Human Ecology 19(2):261-285.
Malenky, Richard K., and Richard W. Warangham, 1994. "A Quantitative Comparison of Terrestrial Herbaceous Food Consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, and Pan troglodytes in the Kibale Forest, Uganda," American Journal of Pr9imatology 32(1):1-12.
Peters, Charles R., Eileen M. O'Brien, and Robert B. Drummond, 1992. Edible Wild Plants of Sub-Saharan Africa. Kew, UK: Royal Botanical Gardens.
Sugiyama, Yukimaru, and Jeremy Koman, 1987. "A Preliminary List of Chimpanzees' Alimentation at Bossou, Guinea," Primates 28(1):133-147.
Tutin, Caroline E.G., and Michael Fernandez, 1993. "Composition of the Diet of Chimpanzees and Comparisons with that of Sympatric Lowland Gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon," American Journal of Primatology 30(3):195-211.
Tuttle Russell H., 1986. "Feeding Behavior," in his Apes of the World, Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, pp. 55-125.
White, F.J., and R.W. Wrangham, 1988. "Feeding Competition and Patch Size in Chimpanzee Species Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes," Behaviour 105(1-2):148-164.
BIGFOOT
Ciochon, Russell L., 1991. "The Ape That Was," Natural History 11:54-62.
Malefijt, Annemarie DeWaal, 1968. "Homo monstrosus," Scientific American 219(4):112-118.
EXTRATERRESTRIALS
Bullard, Thomas E., 1994. "The Relationship of Abduction Reports to Folklore Narratives," in Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference, Andrea Pritchard, et a., eds., Cambridge, MA: North Cambridge Press, pp. 389-392.
Peterson, Mark Allen, 1991. "Aliens, Ape Men and Whacky Savages: The Anthropologist in the Tabloids," Anthropology Today 7(5):4-7.
Singer, Barry, and Victor A. Benassi, 1981. "Occult Beliefs," American Scientist 69(1):49-55.
Time June 23, 1997, cover article on "The Roswell Files," pp. 62-71.
Truzzi, Marcello, 1972. "The Occult Revival as Popular Culture," Sociological Quarterly 13:16-36.
ISOLATED/FERAL HUMANS
Torgovnick, Marianna, 1990. "Taking Tarzan Seriously," in her Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 42-72.
THE GREAT APE PROJECT
Goodall, Jane, 1995 (December). "Crusading for Chimps and Humans," National Geographic 188(6):102-129.
Hearne, Vicki, 1993. "Can An Ape Tell A Joke?," Harper's 287(1722):58-69.
Jardins, Joseph R. des, 1996 (Second edition). "Duties to Animals," in his Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy, pp. 121-137.
King, Barbara J., 1993. "On Primatology and Ethics: When Monkeys and Apes Are Informants," Language & Communication 13(2):117-119.
Morell, Virginia, 1996. "Lost Chimps," International Wildlife 26(5):12-20.
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 1992. "Guidelines for the Study of Wild Primates and Use of Wild-Born Primates," Primates 33(3):419-425.
Short, Roger V., 1986. "Primate Ethics," in Primates: The Road to Self-Sustaining Populations, Kurt Benirschke, ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1-11.
Vines, Gail, 1993. "Planet of the Free Apes?" New Scientist 138(1876):36-38.
Wright, Karen, 1996. "The Tarzan Syndrome," Discover 17(11):88-98.
PRIMATE AND FOREST CONSERVATION
Budowski, Gerardo, 1976. "Why Save Tropical Forests?: Some Arguments from Campaigning Conservationists," Amazoniana 5(4):529-538.
Carr, Rosamond H., 1988. "Lonely Struggle of the Gorilla Lady," International Wildlife 18(6):12-13.
Crouse, Debby, 1988. "Up Close with Gorillas," International Wildlife 18(6):4-11.
Estrada, Alejandro, and Rosamond Coates-Estrada, 1996. "Tropical Rain Forest Fragmentation and Wild Populations of Primates at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico," International Journal of Primatology 17(5):759-783.
Ganzhorn, Jorg, and Jean-Prospere Abraham, 1991. "Possible Role of Plantations for Lemur Conservation in Madagascar: Food for Folivorous Species," Folia Primatologica 56:171-176.
Johns, Andrew D., and Joseph P. Skorupa, 1987. "Responses of Rain-Forest Primates to Habitat Disturbance: A Review," International Journal of Primatology 8(2):157-191.
Kuznik, Frank, 1997. "How to be an Orangutan," International Wildlife 27(1):38-45.
Marsh, C.W., A.D. Johns, and J.M. Ayres, 1987. "Effects of Habitat Disturbance on Rain Forest Primates," Primate Conservation in the Tropical Rain Forest, Clive W. Marsh and Russell A. Mittermeier, eds. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 83-107.
McNeely, Jeffrey A., et al., 1990. "Strategies for Conserving Biodiversity," Environment 32(3):16-20, 36-40.
Mittermeier, Russell A., 1986. "A Global Overview of Primate Conservation," Primate Ecology and Conservation, J.G. Else and P.C. Lee, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 325-340.
Mittermeier, Russell A., John F. Oates, Ardith E. Eudey, and Jane Thornback, 1986. "Primate Conservation," in Comparative Primate Biology, G. Mitchell and J. Erwin, eds. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc., vol. 2A, pp. 3-72.
Murray, M.G., 1990. "Conservation of Tropical Rain Forests: Arguments, Beliefs, and Convictions," 52:17-26.
Neumann, R.P., 1992. "Political Ecology of Wildlife Conservation in the Mt. Meru Area of Northern Tanzania," Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 3(3):87-98.
Oates, John F>, 1994. "Africa's Primates in 1992: Conservation Issues and Options," American Journal of Primatology 34(1):61-71.
Peres, C.A., 1990. "Effects of Hunting on Western Amazonian Primate Communities," Biological Conservation 54:47-59.
Repetto, R., 1990. "Deforestation in the Tropics," Scientific American 262(4):36-42.
Skorupa, Joseph P., 1986. "Responses of Rainforest Primates to Selective Logging in Kibale Forest, Uganda: A Summary Report," in Primates: The Road to Self-Sustaining Populations, Kurt Benirschke, ed., pp. 57-70.
Thompson-Hander, N., and R. Malenky, 1993. "Bonobo Conservation,"
Zoonooz 66(4):8-16.
Wilkie, David S., and John T. Finn, 1990. "Slash-burn Cultivation and Mammal Abundance in the Ituri Forest, Zaire," Biotropica 22(1):90-99.
Wilson, Edward O., 1989. "Threats to Biodiversity," Scientific American 261(3):108-116.
Wright, P.C., 1992. "Primate Ecology, Rainforest Conservation, and Economic Development: Building a National Park in Madagascar," Evolutionary Anthropology 1:25-33.
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PRIMATOLOGY AND PRIMATES:
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS
PRIMATOLOGY
Bramblett, Claud A., 1994. Patterns of Primate Behavior. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
Collinge, Nancy E., 1993. Introduction to Primate Behavior. Dubuque, IO: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.
Jolly, Allison , 1985. The Evoltuion of Primate Behavior. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Quiatt, Duane, and Vernon Reynolds, 1995. Primate Behaviour. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Richard, Alison, 1985. Primates in Nature. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.
ETHNOPRIMATOLOGY
Janson, H.W., 1952. Apes and Ape Lore in the Middle Ages and the Rennaissance. London, UK: University of London Press.
McDermott, W.C., 1938. The Ape in Antiquity. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
Morris, Ramona, and Desmond Morris, 1968. Men and Apes. London, UK: Hutchinson.
Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko, 1987. The Monkey as Mirror: Symbolic Transformations in Japanese History and Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
van Gulik, R.H., 1967. The Gibbon in China: An Essay in Chinese Animal Lore. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
FIELD METHODS
Kennedy, J.S., 1992. The New Anthropomorphism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Lehner, P.N., 1979. Handbook of Ethological Methods. New York, NY: Garland STPM Press.
Martin, R.D., A.F. Dixson, and E.J. Wickings, 1992. Paternity in Primates: Genetc Tests and Theories, Implications of Human DNA Fingerprinting. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger.
National Research Council, 1981. Techniques for the Study of Primate Population Ecology. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Paterson, J.D., 1992. Primate Behavior: An Exercise Workbook.Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Pavelka, Mary S. McDonald, 1993. Monkeys of the Mesquite: The Social Life of the South Texas Snow Monkey. Dubuque, IO: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.
Schemnitz, Sanford D., 1980. Wildlife Management Techniques Manual. Washington, D.C.: Wildlife Society (Third Edition).
Wolfe, Linda D., 1987. Field Primatology: A Guide to Research. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, Inc.
HISTORY
Adler, Mortimer J., 1967. The Difference of Man and the Difference it Makes.
Carpenter, C.R., 1964. Naturalistic Behavior of Nonhuman Primates. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Corbey, Rayomnd, and Bert Theunissen, eds., 1995. Ape, Man, Apeman: Changing Views Since 1600. Leiden, Netherlands: Department of Prehistory, University of Leiden.
Darwin, Charles Robert, 1871. The Descent of Man. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Darwin, Charles Robert, 1872. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
DeVore, Irven, ed., 1965. Primate Behavior: Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Eiseley, Loren C., 1958. Darwin's Century. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co.
Elliot, 1912. Review of the Primates. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
Forbes, H.O., 1897. A Handbook of the Primates. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
Garner, Robert L., 1900. Apes and Monkeys: Their Life and Language. Boston, MA: Ginn and Co.
Haraway, Donna, 1989. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hooton, Ernest A., 1942. Man's Poor Relations. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 1863. Man's Place in Nature. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Co.
Kohler, Wolfgang, 1925. The Mentality of Apes. New York, NY: Humanities Press.
Kluver, Heinrich, 1933. Behavior Mechanisms in Monkeys. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Marais, Eugene N., 1947. My Friends the Baboons. London, UK: Methuen & Co., Ltd.
Marais, Eugene, 1969. The Soul of the Ape. New York, NY: Atheneum.
Morris, Desmond, ed., 1967. Primate Ethology. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Romanes, G., 1882. Animal Intelligence. Lodnon, UK: Kegan Paul.
Ruch, Theodore C., 1941. Bibliographia Primatologica: A Classified Bibliography of Primates. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas.
Sonntag, C.F., 1924. Morphology and Evolution of the Apes and Man. Lodnon, UK: John Bates Sons.
Southwick, Charles H., ed., 1963. Primate Social Behavior. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Co., Inc.
Yerkes, Robert M., 1925. Almost Human. New York, NY: The Century Co.
Zuckerman, Solly, 1932. The Social Life of Monkeys ad Apes.Lodnon, UK: Routledge Kegan Paul.
Zuckerman, Solly, 1933. Functional Affinities of Man, Monkeys, and Apes. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
PRIMATES
Altmann, Stuart A., and Jeanne Altmann, 1970. Baboon Ecology: African Field Research. New York, NY: S. Karger.
Anderson, N.D., and W.R. Brown, 1984. Lemurs. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead.
Chivers, David J., ed., 1980. Malayan Forest Primates: Ten Years' Study in Tropical Rain Forest. New York, NY: Plenum.
Clutton-Brock, T.H., ed., 1977. Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behavior in Lemurs, Monkeys, and Apes. London, UK: Academic Press.
Else, J.G., and P.C. Lee, eds., 1986. Primate Ecology and Conservation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Fedigan, L.M., and P.J. Asquith, eds., 1991. The Monkeys of Arashiyama: Thirty-Five Years of Research in Japan and the West. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Fleagle, J.G., 1988. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Gray, J.P., 1985. Primate Sociobiology. New Haven, CT: HRAF Press.
Jolly, Alison, 1966. Lemur Behavior: A Madagascar Field Study. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kavanagh, M., 1983. A Complete Guide to Monkeys, Apes and other Primates. London, UK: Jonathan Cape.
Kinzey, Warren, ed., 1997. New World Primates: Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Kummer, Hans, 1968. Social Organization of the Hamadryas Baboons. New York, NY: S. Karger.
Kummer, Hans, 1995. In Quest of the Sacred Baboon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Milton, Katherine, 1980. The Foraging Strategy of Howler Monkeys: A Study in Primate Economics. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Moynihan, Martin, 1976. The New World Primates. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Napier, John R., and Prue H. Napier, 1967. A Handbook of Living Primates. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Napier, John R., and Prue H. Napier, eds., 1970. Old World Monkeys: Evolution, Systematics and Behavior. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Napier, John R., and Prue H. Napier, 1985. The Natural History of Primates. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Peterson, D., 1989. The Deluge and the Ark: A Journey Into Primate Worlds. New York, NY: Avon Books.
Rawlins, R.G., and M.J. Kessler, 1986. The Cayo Santiago Macaques: History, Behavior and Biology. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Roonwal, M.L., and S.M. Mohnot, 1977. Primates of SOuth Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rosenblum, Leonard, and Robert W. Cooper, eds., 1968. The Squirrel Monkey. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Rosenblum, Leonard A., and Christopher L. Coe, eds., 1985. Handbook of Squirrel Monkey Research. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Rowe, Noel, 1996. The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. East Hampton, NY: Pogonias Press.
Schultz, Adolph H., 1969. The Life of Primates. Lodnon, England: Weiden Feld and Nicolson.
Small, Meredith F., 199 . Female Choices: Sexual Behavior of Female Primates. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Smuts, Barbara B., et al., 1987. Primate Societies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Stephens, M.E., and J.D. Paterson, eds., 1991. The Order Primates: An Introduction. Dubuque, IO: Kendall/Hunt.
Strum, Shirley, 1987. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York, NY: Random House.
Struhsaker, Thomas T., 1975. The Red Colobus Monkey. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
Sussman, R.W., ed., 1979. Primate Ecology: Problem-Oriented Field Studies. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Terborgh, John, 1983. Five New World Primates. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Whitten, Tony, 1982. The Gibbons of Siberut. New York, NY: S. Karger.
Wolfheim, Jaclyn H., 1983. Primates of the World: Distribution, Abundance, and COnservation. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
HUMAN RELEVANCE OF PRIMATES
Beck, Benjamin B., ed., 1980. Animal Tool Behavior: The Use and Manufacture of Tools by Animals. New York, NY: Garland STMP Press.
Bernstein, I.S., and E.O. Smith, eds., 1979. Primate Ecology and Human Origins: Ecological Influences on SOcial Organization. New York, NY: Garland STPM Press.
Berthelet, Arlette, and Jean Chavaillon, 1993. The Use of Tools by Human and Non-Human Primates. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bonner, J.T., 1980. The Evolution of Culture in Animals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Brueller, Jean (Vercors) 1953. You Shall Know Them. New York, NY: Little and Brown, Co.
Byrne, R., and A. Whitten, eds., 1988. Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Callan, Hilary, 1970. Ethology and Society: Towards an Anthropological View. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Cheney, Dorothy L., and Robert M. Seyfarth, 1990. How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Other Species. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Cranach, M. von, 1976. Methods of Inference from Animal to Human Behaviour. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
Desmond, Adrian J., 1979. The Apes Reflexion. New York, NY: Dial Press/J. Wade.
Fedigan, L.M., 1982. Primate Paradigms: Sex Roles and Social Bonds. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Foley, Robert, 1984. Hominid Evolution and Community Ecology. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Foley, Robert, 1987. Another Unique Species: Patterns in Human Evolutionary Ecology. New York, NY: Longman Scientific and Technical.
Haraway, D, 1989. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York, NY: Routledge.
Harlow, Harry F., 1974. Learning to Love. New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
Harlow, Harry F., and C. Mears, 1979. The Human Model: Primate Perspectives. New York, NY: Halsted Press.
Hinde, Robert A., 1987. Individuals, Relationships and Culture: Links Between Ethology and the Social Sciences. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Hrdy, Sarah B., 1981. The Woman that Never Evolved. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ingold, Tim, ed., 1988. What is an Animal? Boston, MA: Unwin and Hyman.
Kennedy, J.S., 1992. The New Anthropomorphism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Kinzey, Warren, 1987. The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Kuper, Adam, 1994. The Chosen Primate: Human Nature and Cultural Diversity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lancaster, Jane B., 1975. Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture. New York, NY: Rinehart and Winston.
Landau, Misia, 1991. Narratives of Human Evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Loy, James D., and Calvin B. Peters, eds., 1991. Understanding Behavior: What Primate Studies Tell Us About Human Behavior. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
MacKinnon, John, 1978. The Ape Within Us. London, UK: William Collins Sons.
Midgley, Mary, 1995. Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature. New York, NY: Routledge.
Morris, Desmond, 1967. The Naped Ape. New York, NY: Dell Publishing Co.
Morris, Desmond, 1968. The Biology of Art. London, UK: Collins.
Morris, Desmond, 1969. The Human Zoo. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Morris, Desmond, 1977. Man Watching: A Field Guide to Human Behavior. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
Noske, Barbara, 1989. Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology. Winchester, MA: Pluto Press.
Passingham, R.E., 1982. The Human Primate. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.
Quiatt, Duane, and Junichiro Itani, eds., 1994. Hominid Culture in Primate Perspective. Niwot, CO: University of Colorado Press.
Quiatt, Duane, and Vernon Reynolds, 1993. Primate Behaviour: Information, Social Knowledge, and the Evolution of Culture. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Reynolds, Peter C., 1981. On the Evolution of Human Behavior: The Argument from Animals to Man. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Schubert, G., and Roger D. Masters, eds., 1991. Primate Politics. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
Standen, V., and R.a. Foley, eds., 1989. Comparative Socioecology: The Behavioral Ecology of Humans and Other Mammals. Boston, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Waal, Frans de, 1996. Good Natured: The Origin of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, Peter J., 1983. Man the Promising Primate: The COnditions of Human Evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
TROPICAL FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
Bates, Marston, 1963. Where Winter Never Comes: An Account of Man and Nature in the Tropics. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Deshmukh, Ian, 1986. Ecology and Tropical Biology. Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Ewusie, J. Yanney, 1980. Elements of Tropical Ecology. Exeter, NH: Heinemann Educational Books, Inc.
Forsyth, Adrian, and Kenneth Miyata, 1984. Tropical Nature: Life and Death in the Rain Forests of Central America. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Gentry, Alwyn H., ed., 1990. Four Neotropical Rainforests. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Golley, F.B., ed., 1983. Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems: Structure and Function. New York, NY: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.
Leigh, Egbert G., Jr., A. Stanley Rand, and Donald M. Windsor, eds., 1982. The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Mabberley, D.J., 1992. Tropical Rain Forest Ecology. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall.
Martin, Claude, 1991. The Rainforests of West Africa: Ecology, Threats, Conservation. Boston, MA: Birkhauser Verlag.
Maslow, Jonathan, 1996. Footsteps in the Jungle: Adventures in the Scientific Exploration of the American Tropics. Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee.
McDade, Lucinda A., Kamalijt S. Bawa, Henry A. Hespenheide, and Gary S. Hartshorn, 1994. La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Montgomery, G.G. , ed., 1978. The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Pomeroy, D., and M.W. Service, 1986. Tropical Ecology. New York, NY: Longman Scientific and Technical.
Primack, Richard B., and Thomas E. Lovejoy, eds., 1995. Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Southeast Asian Rainforests. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
AGGRESSIVE AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIORS
Archer, John, 1988. The Behavioral Biology of Aggression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Ardrey, Robert, 1963. African Genesis. New York, NY: Dell.
Ardrey, Robert, 1966. The Territorial Imperative. New York, NY: Dell.
Bigelow, Robert, 1969. The Dawn Warriors: Man's Evolution Toward Peace. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
Cartmill, Mat, 1994. A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and Nature Through History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uiversity Press.
Dugatkin, L.A., 1997. Cooperation Among Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenaus, 1979. The Biology of Peace and War: Men, Animals, and Aggression. New York, NY: Viking Press.
Harcourt, A.H., and Frans de Waal, eds., 1992. Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Haufsfater, Glenn, and Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, eds., 1984. Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Holloway, Ralph, ed., 1974. Primate Aggression, Territoriality, and Xenophobia. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Karl, Pierre, 1991. Animal and Human Aggression.
Lorenz, Konrad, 1963. On Aggression. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Mason, William A., and Sally P. Mendoza, eds., 1993. Primate Social Conflict. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Montagu, Ashley, 1976. The Nature of Human Aggression. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Rapoport, Anatol, 1992. Peace: An Idea Whose Time Has Come. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Russell, C., W.M.S. Russell, 1968. Violence in Monkeys and Man. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Silberberg, James, and J.P. Gray, eds., 1991. Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Smuts, Barbara, 1985. Sex and Friendship in Baboons. New York, NY: Aldine Publishing Co.
Symons, D., 1978. Play and Aggression: A Study of Rhesus Monkeys. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Waal, Frans de, 1989. Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Waal, Frans de, 1996. Good Natured. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wrangham, Richard, and Dale Peterson, 1996. Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
APES
Annan, David, 1975. Ape: Monster of the Movies. London, England: Bounty Books.
Byrne, Richard, 1995. The Thinking Ape. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Ciochon, Russell L., and Robert S. Corruccini, eds., 199 . New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Du Chaillu, Paul Beloni, 1861. Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.
Fleagle, John G., and Richard F. Kay, eds., 1994. Anthropoid Origins. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Garner, R.L., 1896. Gorillas and Chimpanzees. Lodon, UK: Osgood, McIlvaine & Co.
Hahn, Emily, 1971. On the Side of the Apes. New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
Hahn, Emily, 1988. Eve and the Apes. New York, NY: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Hamburgh, David A., and E. R. McCown, eds., 1979. The Great Apes. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
Hartman, R., 1885. The Anthropoid Apes. London, UK: Kegan, Paul Fench and Co.
Jons, Clyde, 1971. Comparative Ecology of the Gorilla gorilla and Pan Troglodytes. New York, NY: S. Karger.
Kellogg, W.N., and L.A. Kellogg, 1933. The Ape and the Child: A Study of Environmental Influence on Early Behavior. New York, NY: Hafner.
Kevles, B., 1971. Watching the Wild Apes: The Primate Studies of Goodaal, Fossey and Galdikas. New York, NY: E.P. Dutton.
Kohler, Wolfgang, 1925. The Mentality of Apes. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Kohts, N., 1923. Infant Ape and Human Child. Moscow, Russia: Museum Darwinnum.
Kurten, Bjorn, 1984. Not from the Apes. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Leach, M., 1996. The Great Apes: Our Face in Nature's Mirror. London, UK: Blandford.
Linden, Eugene, 1974. Apes, Men, and Language. New York, NY: Saturday Review Press.
MacKinnon, John, 1978. The Ape Within Us. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
McGrew, W.C., Linda F. Marchant, and Toshisada Nishida, eds., 1996. Great Ape Societies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Morgan, Elaine, 1982. The Aquatic Ape: A Theory of Human Evolution. London, UK: Souvenir Press.
Morris, Ramona and Desmond, 1966. Men and Apes. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Power, Margaret, 1991. The Egalitarians, Human and Chimpanzee: An Anthropological View of Social Organization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Preuschoft, H., et al., eds., 1984. The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology. Edinburg, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.
Reynolds, Vernon, 1967. The Apes. New York, NY: E.P. Dutton.
Roede, Machteld, et al., eds., 1991. The Aquatic Ape: Fact or Fiction? The First Scientific Evaluation of a COntroversial Theory of Human Evolution. London, UK: Souvenir Press.
Russon, Anne E., Kim A. Bard, and Sue Taylor Parjer, eds., 1996. Reaching Into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Tuttle, Russell H., The Apes of the World: Their Social Behavior, Communication, Mentality, and Ecology. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications.
Tyson, Edward A., 1669. Orang-Utan, Sive Homo Sylvestris. London, UK: T. Bennet and D. Brown.
Yerkes, Robert M., 1929. The Great Apes: A Study of Anthropoid Life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Yerkes, Robert M., 1943. Chimpanzees: A Laboratory Colony. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
GORILLA
Akeley, Carl E., 1923. In Brightest Africa. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Bingham, Harold C., 1932. Gorillas in a Native Habitat. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publicatons 426:1-66.
Bourne, Geoffrey H., 1975. The Gentle Giants: The Gorilla Story. New York, NY: Putnam.
Cousins, D., 1990. The Magnificient Gorilla: The Life History of a Great Ape. Sussex, UK: Book Guild, Ltd.
Dixon, A.F., 1981. The Natural History of the Gorilla. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Fossey, Dian, 1983. Gorillas in the Mist. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Gordon, Nichoilas, 1993. Murders in the Mist: Who Killed Dian Fossey? London, UK: Hodder and Stroughton.
Hayes, Harold T.P., 1990. The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey. New York , NY: Simon and Schuster.
Hoyt, A.M., 1941. Toto and I: A Gorilla in the Family. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
Maple, T.L., 1982. Gorilla Behavior. New nYork, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Mowat, Farley, 1987. Woman in the Mists: The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorilla of Africa. New York, NY: Warner Books, Inc.
Patterson, Francis, and Eugene Linden, 1981. The Education of Koko. New York, NY: Holt, Rienhart and Winston.
Schaller, George B., 1963. The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behavior. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Schaller, George, 1964. The Year of the Gorilla. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Schaller, George, and M. Nichols, 1989. Gorilla: Struggles for Survival in the Virungas. New York, NY: Aperture.
CHIMPANZEE
Brewer, S., 1978. The Chimps of Mt. Asserik. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
Gardner, R. Allen, Beatrix T. Gardner, and Thomas E. van Cantfort, eds., 1989. Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Ghiglieri, Michael P., 1988. East of the Mountains of the Moon: Chimpanzee Society in the African Jungle. New York, NY: Free Press.
Goodall, Jane, 1971. In the Shadow of Man. New York, NY: Dell Publishing Co.
Goodall, Jane, 1986. The Chimps of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
Goodall, Jane, 1988. My Life with the Chimpanzees. New York, NY: Pocket Books.
Goodall, Jane, 1990. Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Hayes, C., 1951. The Ape in Our House. New York, NY: Harper.
Heltne, P.G., and L.A. Marquardt, eds., 1989. Understanding Chimpanzees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kano, Takayoshi, 1992. The Last Ape: Pygmy Chimpanzee Behavior and Ecology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
McGrew, W.C., 1992. Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Nishida, T., 1990. The Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountain: Sexual and Life History Strategies. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press.
Nissen, H.W., 1931. "A Field Study of the Chimpanzee: Observations of Chimpanzee Behavior and Environment in Western French Guinea," Comparative Psychology Monographs 8(1):1-122.
Peterson, Dale, and Jane Goodall, 1993. Visions of Caliban: On Chimpanzees and People.
Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, and Roger Lewin, 1994. Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Sussman, Robert W., 1984. The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
Teleki, Geza, 1973. The Predatory Behavior of Wild CHimpanzees. Lewsiburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.
Temerlin, Maurice K., 1975. Lucy: Growing Up Human. New York, NY: Banta Books.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1982. Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among the Apes. London, UK: Jonathan Cape.
Waal, Frans B.M. de, 1997. Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Wrangham, Richard W., ed., 1994. Chimpanzee Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
ORANGUTANS
de Boer, L.E.M., ed., 1982. The Orang utan: Its Biology and Conservation. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers.
Galdikas, Birute M.F., 1995. Reflections of Eden: My Years with the Orang Utans of Borneo. Boston, MA: Little and Brown.
Harrison, Barbara, 1963. Orang-utan. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Kaplan, Gisela, and Lesley Rogers, 1994. Orang-Utans in Borneo. Armidale, NSW: University of New England Press.
MacKinnon, John R., 19974. In Search of the Red Ape. New York, NY: Holt, Rienhart and Winston.
Maple, T.L., 1980. Orang-utan Behavior. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Nadler, R.D., B.M.F. Galdikas, L.K. Sheeran, and N. ROsen, eds., 1995. The Neglected Ape. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Schwartz, Jeffrey H., 1987. The Red Ape: Orang-utans and Human Origins. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Schwartz, J.H., ed., 1988. Orang-utan Biology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
ISOLATED AND FERAL HUMANS
Bartra, Roger, 1994. Wild Men in the Looking Glass: The Mythic Origins of European Otherness. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Dudley, Edward J., and Maximillian E. Novak, 1973. The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Rennaissance to Romanticism. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Fairfax, John, 1985. Wild Children. Newbury, CT: Phoenix Press.
Howell, Dorothy J., 1997. Environmental Stewardship: Images from Popular Culture. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
Itard, Jean-Marc-Gaspard, 1962 (1894). The Wild Boy of Aveyron (L'enfant sauvage). Englewood CLiffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Lane, Harlan, 1976. The Wild Boy of Aveyron. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Malson, Lucien, 1992. Wolf Children and the Problem of Human Nature. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.
Shattuck, Roger, 1980. The Forbidden Experiment: The Story of the Wild Boy of Aveyron. New York, NY: Farrar Straus Giroux.
Truffaut, Francois, 1973. The Wild Child. New York, NY: Washington Square Press.
BIGFOOT, SASQUATCH, YETI
Gramley, Michael, 1974. There Are Giants in the Earth. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Halpin, Marjoire M., and Michael M. Ames, 1980. Manlike Monsters on Trial: Early Records and Modern Evidences. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press.
Krantz, Grover S., 1992. Bigfoot-prints: A Scientific Inquiry into the Reality of Sasquatch. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books.
Lall, Kesar, 1988. Lore and Legend of the Yeti. Kthmandu, Nepal: Pilgrims Book House.
Markotic, Vladimir, ed., and Grover Krantz, eds., 1984. The Sasquatch and other Unknown Hominoids. Calgary, Alberta: Western Publishers.
Napier, John R., 1972. Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality.
Orgill, Douglas, and John Gribbin, 19982. Brother Esau: A Novel. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
Pande, Ramakumara, 1977. Yeti Tells. Lalitpur, Nepal: A. Panday.
Sanderson, Ivan T., 1977. Abominable Snowman: Legend Come True.
Shackley, Myra L., 1983. Still Living?: Yeti, Sasquatch and the Neanderthal Enigma. New York, N Y: Thames and Hudson.
Sharp, Henry S., 1988. The Transformation of Bigfoot: Maleness, Power, and Belief among the Chipewyan. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Soule, Gardner, 1966. Trail of the Abominable Snowman. New York, NY: Putnam.
Sprague, Roderick, and Grover S. Ktantz, eds., 1979. The Scientist Looks at the Sasquatch. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho Press.
Taylor, Ide David, 1995. Something Behind the Ranges: A Himalayan Quest. San Francisco, CA: Mercury House.
Tehernine, Odette, 1971. In Pursuit of the Abominable Snowman. New York, NY: Taplinger Publishing Co.
EXTRATERRESTRIAL HUMANOIDS
Benson, Saler, Charles Ziegler, and Charles Moore, 1997. The Crash at Roswell Myth: The Genesis of a Modern Myth. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Peebles, Curtis, 1994. Watch the Skies! A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Prichard, Andrea, David E. Pritchard, John E. Mack, Pam Kasey, and Claudia Yapp, eds., 1992. Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference. Cambridge, MA: North Cambridge Press.
Shermer, Michael, 1997. Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstitution, and Other Confusions of Our Time. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Co.
ANIMAL RIGHTS
Blum, Deborah, 1994. The Monkey Wars. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Cavalieri, Paola, and Peter Singer, 1993. The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
Garner, Robert, 19 . Animal Rights, The Changing Debate. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Griffin, Don R., 1976. The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience. New York, NY: Rockefeller University Press.
Griffin, Don R., 1992. Animal Minds. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Midgley, Mary, 1983. Animals and Why They Matter. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
Regan, Tom, 1985. The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rollin, Bernard, 1989. The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Singer, Peter, 1996. Animal Liberation. New York, NY: Avon Books/The Hearst Corp.
CONSERVATION
Benirschke, Kurt, ed., 1986. Primates: The Road to Self-Sustaining Populations.
Else, J.G., and P.C> Lee, eds., 1986. Primate Ecology and Conservation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Erwin, J., and John C. Landon, eds., 1992. Chimpanzee Conservation and Public Health. Rockville, MD: Diagon Corporation/Bioqual, Inc.
Harrisson, Barbara, 1971. Conservation of Nonhuman Primates in 1970. New York, NY: S. Karger.
His Serene Highness Prince Rainier III of Monaco and Geoffrey H. Bourne, eds., 1977. Primate Conservation. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Marsh, C.W., and R.A. Mittermeier, eds., 1987. Primate Conservation in the Tropical Rain Forest. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc.
Wolfheim, Jaclyn H., 1983. Primates of the World: Distirbution, Abundance, and Conservation. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.