COURSE: 445 SACRED PLACES (3 credits)
Method or Theory, Oral Focus
TIME: 1:30-4:00 p.m. Tuesdays, Fall Semester 2005
PLACE: 307 Kuykendall Hall, University of Hawai`i at Manoa
INSTRUCTOR:
Dr. Les Sponsel, Professor
Director, Ecological Anthropology Program
Office: Saunders Hall 317
Office hours: 1:00-4:00 p.m. Thursdays, by appointment
Office phone: 956-8507
Website: http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/Sponsel/
Email: sponsel@hawaii.edu
ORIENTATION:
In the Shona language the word sacred, inoera, is an adjective describing a thing or place. Sacredness has the connotation of being life sustaining, such as providing food, fruit, or water. The concept is closely linked with rain, and the fertility of the land. A sacred place (nzvimbo inoera) is a place where spirits are present; it has certain rules of access, as well as behaviors that are not allowed there (taboos)[quote from p. 187 in Bruce A. Byers, Robert N. Cunliffe, and Andrew T. Hudak, 2001, “Linking the Conservation of Culture and Nature: A Case Study of Sacred Forests in Zimbabwe,” Human Ecology 29(2):187-218].
Sacred places are the foundation of all other beliefs and practices because they represent the presence of the sacred in our lives. They properly inform us that we are not larger than nature and that we have responsibilities to the rest of the natural world that transcend our own personal desires and wishes. This lesson must be learned by each generation; unfortunately the technology of industrial society always leads us in the other direction. Yet it is certain that as we permanently foul our planetary nest, we shall have to learn a most bitter lesson. There is probably not sufficient time for the non-Indian population to understand the meaning of sacred lands and incorporate the idea into their lives and practices. We can but hope that some protection can be afforded these sacred places before the world becomes wholly secular and is destroyed [quote from p. 282 in Vine Deloria, Jr., 1994, God Is Red: A Native View of Religion, Golden CO: Fulcrum].
Often places in the landscape are not only geophysical, biological, cultural, and/or historical, but also religious, spiritual, or mystical. A wide variety of “natural” phenomena are selectively considered to be sacred, including some individual trees, groves, forests, mountains, caves, rocks, springs, waterfalls, rivers, lakes, and so on. Billions of people throughout the world recognize and appreciate the special significance and meaning of various sacred places in their own habitat. Moreover, people from many different cultural, religious, ecological, and national backgrounds may independently consider the same site to be sacred. Many of these sites attract pilgrims, some annually in the thousands or even millions. Call them what you will--- sacred, mystical, holy, numinous, or power places, spaces, areas, or sites, or genius loci, loca religiosa, lugares encantados, places of geopiety, and so on--- there is certainly no doubt that in the minds of many millions of people these are truly extraordinary and awesome phenomena. Given the above facts, sacred places can’t be summarily dismissed as simply some kind of an anachronism, superstition, or fantasy. Sacred places and related phenomena in “nature” merit serious scientific and academic research, including anthropological and ecological, to further knowledge, understanding, appreciation, and protection.
Sacred places may be viewed as varying along several continua ranging from natural (or biophysical) to anthropogenic (or sociocultural); prehistoric to historic, recent, or newly created; permanent to temporary; fixed in place to portable; secret or private to public; single culture (or religion) to multicultural (or multi-religious); intrinsic to extrinsic in value; uncontested to contested; and protected to endangered. Particular sacred places variously emphasize one pole or another of these continua, or some combination of them [see model diagram in handout].
Despite their diversity, sacred places in nature have in common the ability to evoke a special state of mind and emotion, sometimes even catalyzing an altered or spiritual consciousness. Thus, for a multitude of people sacred places are wellsprings of spiritual vision, cultural creativity, and even healing. However, Euroamerican culture has not recognized and appreciated the sacredness of natural areas and phenomena to the extent that Native American, Hawaiian, and other societies have, one of the reasons that this topic has been so neglected by Western scientists and scholars until the recent explosion of research interest in it. In the case of Native American and Hawaiian sacred sites, their contested character stems from two fundamentally different systems of world views, values, attitudes, and discourses regarding the natural environment— indigenous and Western. Other contributing factors are the ethnocentrism, racism, and materialism of the dominant culture in the United States as well as the myopic scientism of some individuals which is predicated on ignorance and prejudice. As Colin Turnbull (1992:273) observes: "...it is surely a gross intellectual arrogance to suppose that we can understand a phenomenon that others say directly relates to the existence of Spirit while we openly deny it." In short, the objective exploration of sacred places in an academic context requires an open mind, one attribute students will be stimulated to further cultivate in this course.
The subject of sacred places is a relatively new and certainly exciting and promising new frontier for scientific and scholarly investigation and documentation. This course explores the fascinating and important world of sacred places and sacred landscapes emphasizing an anthropological perspective encompassing holism, culture, cross-cultural comparison, and ethnographic fieldwork. In addition, this course explores sacred places in “nature” in particular with special attention to their relevance for environmental and biodiversity conservation as well as for cultural and religious identity and practice, pilgrimage, tourism, cultural resource management, human rights such as religious freedom, and related matters. The instructor will also discuss some of his own research and publications on sacred places in Thailand and elsewhere.
FORMAT:
This course is reading, thinking, and discussion intensive. The format is predominantly that of a seminar; however, there will be a few PowerPoint lectures and a panel discussion by Native Hawaiian guests. Beyond discussions by the whole class and subgroups, there will also be student panel discussions focused on book-length case studies (see Required Readings and Schedule below). A final research project will also allow students to pursue their own particular interests and share them with the class as a whole. A selection of the best available videos will be shown in class while others are recommended in order to provide a visual sense of sacred places beyond merely reading about them. Students are also encouraged, although not required, to visit sacred places of their choice on O’ahu as part of their individual research project or for an extra credit report. However, the instructor will not be responsible in any way for any kind of mishaps in the process of such visits.
The focus designation for this course is Oral Communication. The only writing involves a one page research proposal (emailed to the instructor) and various evaluations of student communications. Otherwise, course exercises will be entirely oral, including even the final examination. The latter will be a very brief PowerPoint presentation of the results of an individual research project. Students will be graded by fellow students as well as by the instructor based on their participation in class and group discussions of the required readings, oral reports on readings, panel to facilitate class discussions of case study books, and the final examination presentation.
Students enjoy freedom of speech and academic freedom in this course as long as their statements are concise, relevant, and polite. Ultimately the instructor doesn’t care what students think, only that they think!
Beyond an open mind, the prerequisites for this course are senior or graduate student status and either Anth 415 or 444, although both are strongly advised. The maximum enrollment is 20 students because of the Oral Communication focus designation.
OBJECTIVES:
The three primary goals of this course are to:
1. undertake a holistic anthropological survey of sacred places in terms of their religious, cultural, historical, and ecological contexts and salience;
2. demonstrate the application of alternative anthropological frameworks, theories, methods, and data for studying and understanding sacred places;
3. provide an inventory of key resources on sacred places including books, periodicals, articles, reference works, videos, and internet websites; and
4. help students cultivate better communication skills.
Although the primary concern of the course is with contents, the secondary concern is with communicating contents. Here participatory and cooperative learning is essential. Furthermore, while some individuals may be more skilled than others in communication, there is always room for improvement, and this can be facilitated best through everyone cooperating in a friendly and constructive manner.
GRADING:
The final course grade will be calculated as follows:
10% regular class attendance (recorded at beginning and end of every period) as well as active and meaningful participation in class and group discussions of readings and other matters;
15% completed evaluation forms for student oral communications (5% each for the two panels and the final examination for every student in class)
5% research proposal (one single-spaced page emailed to instructor before October 4).
40% panel discussions of two book length case studies at 20% each(see Schedule);
30% final examination (brief PowerPoint summarizing individual research project that reflects the entire course with 15% for written contents and 15% for oral presentation). Every student should give the instructor a printed copy of the PowerPoint outline.
READING:
The class meetings will concentrate mostly on a critical discussion of the following books in the order listed:
Swan, James A., 1990, Sacred Places: How the Living Earth Seeks Our Friendship, Santa Fe, NM: Bear & Co. BL580 .S92 1990
$19.95 new/ $0.66 used [prices from Amazon.com]
Crosby, Donald A., 2002, A Religion of Nature, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. BD581 .C76 2002
$21.95/14.62
Kellert, Stephen R., and Timothy J. Farnham, eds., 2002, The Good in Nature and Humanity: Connecting Science, Religion, and Spirituality with the Natural World, Washington, D.C.: Island Press. BL241 .G66 2002
$30/14
Lane, Belden C., 2001, Landscapes of the Sacred: Geography and Narrative in American Spirituality, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. BL2525 .L36 2002
$25/15
Wind, James P., 1997, Places of Worship: Exploring Their History, Walnut Creek, CA: AltMira Press. BR515 .W56 1990 Maui Community College Library
$7
Holm, Jean, and John Bowker, eds. 1994, Sacred Place, London, UK: Pinter Publishers, Ltd. BL580 .S2297 1994
$44.56?
Barber, Richard, 1991, Pilgrimages, Rochester, NY: Boydell Press.
BL619 .P5 B37 1991
$29.95/18
This combination of books was carefully selected to provide a solid survey of the theories, methods, and data on sacred places. Thus, it is indispensable for every student to read each of the seven books. However, there will be a division of labor in facilitating class discussion through a student panel for each book. Every student is required to participate in two panels of their choice.
Textbooks are essential learning tools. However, they are increasingly expensive. Students may defray textbook expenses by using library books, purchasing used copies, reselling their texts at the end of the semester, and/or sharing texts with other students in the class. The instructor has an extra copy of some of the texts and these are available on loan.
Some additional readings will be assigned (see Schedule below) including articles from periodicals such as Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion [BL65 .N35 W675] which is particularly relevant.
Recommended readings are also listed for the main topic of most class sessions. Students are encouraged to read those that are most attractive as time allows. This bibliography should also be useful long after the course because it is fairly extensive. However, it is not exhaustive. For example, it neglects literature beyond the English language and subjects such as archaeology and prehistory as well as New Age religion and spirituality. For reading and research on narrower topics within anthropology, see the Anthropology Index Online which is readily available through the Hawai`i Voyager of Hamilton Library.
Recommended reference works include:
Brockman, Norbert C., ed., 1997, Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. Reference BL580 .B76 1997
Harpur, James, 1994, The Atlas of Sacred Places: Meeting Points of Heaven and Earth, New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, Inc.
Reference BL580 .H37 1994 Kapiolani Community College Library
Jones, Lindsay, Editor-in-Chief, 2005, The Encyclopedia of Religion, Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. Reference...
Olsen, Brad, 2004, Sacred Places Around the World, San Francisco, CA: CCC Publishing. Not available in UH libraries.
Taylor, Bron, Editor-in-Chief, 2005, The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature [ERN], New York, NY: Continuum Press. Reference [ordered 6-14-05]. [See topical index on instructor’s home page].
Wilson, Colin, 1996, The Atlas of Holy Places and Sacred Sites, New York, NY: DK Publishing, Inc. Not available in UH libraries.
SCHEDULE (brief)
August
23 Orientation, videos on place and water
30 Video on Native American sacred places
September
6 Video lecture by Martin Gray on world sacred places
13 PowerPoint lecture on sacred places
20 Swan book - Sacred Places
27 Research (no class)
October
4 Crosby book - A Religion of Nature
11 Kellert-Farnham book - The Good in Nature and Humanity
18 Videos on sacred places of SE Asia
25 PowerPoint lecture on sacred caves in Thailand
November
1 Lane book - Landscapes of the Sacred
8 Wind book - Places of Worship
15 Holm-Bowker book - Sacred Place
22 Barber book - Pilgrimages
290 Research (no class)
December
6 Hawaiian sacred places video and guest panel
15 Final examination
SCHEDULE (detailed)
August 23 Orientation: students, instructor, syllabus
Videos: A Sense of Place, Water: Sacred and Profaned
Recommended web sites:
American Academy of Religion
http://www.aarweb.org
Alliance of Religions and Conservation
http://www.arc.world.org
Forum on Religion and Ecology at Harvard University
http://www.environment.harvard.edu/religion
The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
http://www.religionandnature.com
Society for the Anthropology of Religion (AAA)
http://www.aaanet.org
Recommended readings:
Bailey, Edward, 1998, “Sacred,” Encyclopedia of Religion and Society, William H. Swatos, ed., Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, pp. 443-444.
Coningham, Robin, and Nick Lewer, 1999, “Paradise Lost: The Bombing of the Temple of the Tooth- a UNESCO World Heritage site in Sri Lanka,” Antiquity 73(282):857-866.
Greider, Thomas, and Lorraine Garkovich, 1994, “Landscapes: The Social Construction of Nature and Environment,” Rural Sociology 59(1):1-24.
Hayden, Robert M., 2002, “Antagonistic Tolerance: Competitive Sharing of Religious Sites in South Asia and the Balkans,” Current Anthropology 43(2):205-231.
Hornberg, A., 1994, “Environmentalism, Ethnicity, and Sacred Places: Reflections on Modernity, Discourse, and Power,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 31(3):245-267.
Michaelsen, Robert S., 1986, “Sacred Land in America: What is it? How can it be protected?,” Religion 16:249-268.
Nadin, Elisabeth, 2004, “Grave Concerns,” Science and Spirit 15(6):26-27.
Strucken, Marita, 2004, “The Aesthetics of Absence: Rebuilding Ground Zero,” American Ethnologist 31(3):311-325.
Wallis, Robert J., and Jenny B. Lain, 2003, “Sites, Sacredness, and Stories: Interactions of Archaeology and Contemporary Paganism,” Folklore 114(3):307-322.
Weightman, Barbara A., 1996, “Sacred Landscapes and the Phenomenon of Light,” The Geographical Review 86(1):59-71.
Whittaker, Elvi, 1994, “Public Discourse on Sacredness: The Transfer of Ayres Rock to Aboriginal Ownership,” American Ethnologist 21(2):310-334.
York, Michael, 2001, “New Age Commodification and Appropriation of Spirituality,” Journal of Contemporary Religion 16(3):361-372.
Young, David E., and Jean-Guy Goulet, 1994, Being Changed by Cross-Cultural Encounters: The Anthropology of Extraordinary Experience, Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press.
Recommended videos: Ecopsychology: Restoring Earth, Healing the Self (VHS 14703, 26 minutes), Butterfly (Julia “Butterfly” Hill in Luna redwood tree)(VHS 18644, 80 minutes)
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August 30 Native American Sacred Places in Nature, Contested Sites, and Clashing World Views
Video: In Light of Reverence: Protecting America’s Sacred Lands (VHS 18873, 73 minutes) and discussion
Required readings (listed in suggested order):
Porterfield, Amanda, 2005, “Native American Spirituality,” Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press, 2:1162-1163.
La Duke, Winona, 2005, “Holy Land in Native North America,” ERN 1:785-789.
Walker, Deward, 2005, “Sacred Geography in Native North America,” ERN 2:1448-1451.
Glass, Matthew, 2005, “Law, Religion, and Native American Lands,” ERN 2:990-1000.
Glass, Matthew, 2005, “Devil’s Tower, Mato Tipi, or Bear’s Lodge (Wyoming),” ERN 1:477-479.
Johnson, Greg, 2005, “Rock Climbing,” ERN 2:1398-1400.
Recommended web sites:
Earth Island Institute
http://www.earthisland.org
http://www.sacredland.org
Native Americans and the Environment, Sacred Lands and Graves
http://conbio.rice.edu/nae/sacred/html
Native Sacred Places - Finding Common Ground
http://www.nspfcg.osmre.gov
Sacred Sites and Human Rights Project
http://web.hamline.edu/law/lawrelign/sacred/project.ssw.htm
Recommended readings:
Aldred, Lisa, 2000, “Changing Woman and Her Children: The Enmeshment of Navajo Religion in Their Homelands,” European Review of Native American Studies 14(1):23-30.
Ball, Martin, 2000, “Sacred Mountains, Religious Paradigms, and Identity among the Mescalero Apache,” Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 4(III):264-282.
Basso, Keith H., 1996, Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Bierhorst, John, 1994, The Way of the Earth: Native America and the Environment, New York, NY: William Morrow and Company, Inc.
Blain, Jenny, and Robert J. Wallis, 2004, “Sacred Sites, Contested Rites/Rights,” Journal of Material Culture 9(3):237-262.
Bodine, John J., 1988, “The Taos Blue Lake Ceremony,” American Indian Quarterly XII(2):91-105.
Brown, Linda A., 2004, “Dangerous Places and Wild Spaces: Creating Meaning with Materials and Space at Contemporary Maya Shrines on El Duende Mountain,” Journal of Archaeological Theory and Method 11(1):31-59.
Burton, Lloyd, 2002, Worship and Wilderness: Culture, Religion, and Law in Public Lands Management, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Campbell, Gregory R., and Thomas A. Floor, 1999, “The Big Horn Medicine Wheel: A Sacred Landscape and the Struggle for Religious Freedom,” European Review of Native American Studies 13(2):21-35.
Carroll, Alex K., M. Nieves Zedeno, and Richard W. Stoffle, 2004, “Landscape of the Gjost Dance: A Cartography of Numic Ritual,” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 11(2):127-156.
Chidester, David, and Edward T. Linenthal, eds., 1995, American Sacred Space, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press [especially chapters 1-3, 8).
Clemmer, Richard O., 2004, “The Legal Effect of the Judgement: Indian Land Claims, Ecological Anthropology, Social Impact Assessment, and the Public Domain,” Human Organization 63(3):334-345.
Deloria, Vine, Jr., 1994, “Sacred Places and Moral Responsibility,” God is Red: A Native View of Religion, Golden, CO: Fulcrum, pp. 267-282.
Dustin, Daniel L., et al., 2002, “Cross-Cultural Claims on Devil’s Tower National Monument: A Case Study,” Leisure Sciences 24(1):79-89.
Edge, P.W., 2002, “The Construction of Sacred Places in English Law,” Journal of Environmental Law 14(2):161-183.
Gill, Sam, 1987, Mother Earth, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Glass, Matthew, 2005, “National Parks and Monuments (United States),” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-CHief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 2:1279-1280.
Grim, John A., ed., 2001, Indigenous Traditions and Ecology: The Interbieng of Cosmology and Community, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gulliford, Andrew, 2000, Sacred Objects and Sacred Places: Preserving Tribal Traditions, Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press.
Haly, Richard, 1996, “`Upon this Rock’: Nahuas and National Culture, A Contest of Appropriations,” American Indian Quarterly 20(3-4):527-562.
Hanson, Jeffrey R., and David Moore, 1999, “Applied Anthropology At Devil’s Tower National Monument,” Plains Anthropologist 44(170):53-60.
Hart, E. Richard, 2000, “Zuni Claims: An Expert Witness’ Reflections,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 24(1):163-171.
Haynal, Patrick M., 2000, “The Influence of Sacred Rock Cairns and Prayer Seats on Modern Klamath and Modoc Religion and World View,” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 22(2):170-185.
Kelly, Klara, and Harris Francis, 1993, “Places Important to the Navajo People,” American Indian Quarterly 17(2):151-169.
Kelly, Klara B., and Harris Francis, 1994, Navajo Sacred Places, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Kolig, Erich, 1996, “Thrilling the Clay of Our Bodies: Nature Sites and the Construction of Sacredness in Australian Aboriginal and Australian Traditions and in New Age Philosophy,” Anthropological Forum 7(3):351-381.
Kuwanwisiwma, Leigh J., and T. J. Ferguson, 2004, “Ang Kuktota: Hopi Ancestral Sites and Cultural Landscape,” Expedition 46(2):24-29.
LaDuke, Winona, 1999, All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life, Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
Leigh, Jenkins, Kurt E. Dongoske, and T.J. Ferguson, 1996, “Managing Hopi Sacred Sites To Protect Religious Freedom,” Cultural Survival Quarterly 19(4):36-39.
Mander, Jerry, 1991, In the Absence of the Sacred: The Failure of Technology and the Survival of the Indian Nations, San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
Martin, Calvin Luther, 1992, In the Spirit of the Earth: Rethinking History and Time, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
Martin, Calvin Luther, 1999, The Way of the Human Being, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Matthiessen, Peter, 1992, Indian Country, New York, NY: Penguin.
McGaa, Ed, Eagle Man, 1990, Mother Earth Spirituality: Native American Paths to Healing Ourselves and Our World, San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.
McPherson, Robert S., 1992, Sacred Land Sacred View, Salt Lake City, UT: Brigham Young University.
Metzner, Ralph, 1999, Green Psychology: Transforming Our Relationship to the Earth, Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.
Miller, Bruce G., 1998, “Culture as Cultural Defense: An American Indian Sacred Site in Court,” American Indian Quarterly 22(1-2):83-97.
Mills, Antonia, 2001, “Sacred Land and Coming Back: How Gitxsan and Witsuwit`en Reincarnation Stretches Western Boundaries,” Canadian Journal of Native Studies 21(2):309-331.
Milne, Courtney, 1995, Sacred Places in North America: A Journey into the Medicine Wheel, New York, NY: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang.
Mills, Barbara J., and T.J. Ferguson, 1998, “Preservation and Research of Sacred Sites by the Zuni Indian Tribe of New Mexico,” Human Organization 57(1):30-42.
Momaday, N. Scott, 1976, “Native American Attitudes to the Environment,” Seeing with a Native Eye, Walter Holden Capps, ed., New York, NY: Harper and Row, pp. 79-85.
Occhipinti, Frank D., 2002, “American Indian Sacred Sites and the National Historic Preservation Act: The Enola Hill Case,” Journal of Northwest Anthropology 36(1):3-50.
Olsen, Brad, 2003, Sacred Places in North America, San Francisco, CA: CCC Publishing.
Patterson, Carol, 1998, “Seeking Power at Willow Creek, Northern California,” Anthropology of Consciousness 9(1):38-49.
Riding-in, James, et al., 2004, “Protecting Native American Human Remains, Burial Grounds, and Sacred Places,” Wicazo Sa Review 19(2):169-183.
Rodman, Margaret C., 1992, “Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality,” American Anthropologist 94(3):640-656.
Ross-Bryant, Lynn, 2005, “Sacred Sites: Nature and Nation in the U.S. National Parks,” Religion and American Culture 15(1):31.
Sears, John F., 1999, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Simpson, Leanne R., and Paul Driben, 2000, “From Expert to Acolyte: Learning to Understand the Environment from an Anishinaabe Point of View,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 24(3):1-19.
Slagle, Allogan, 2002, “Unfinished Business: Protecting Nagtive American Sacred Sites,” News from Native California 16(1):48-50.
Stoffle, Richard W., and Richard Arnold, 2003, “Confronting The Angry Rock: American Indians’ Situated Risks from Radioactivity,” Ethnos 68(2):230-248.
Stoffle, Richard W., David B. Halmo, and Diane E. Austin, 1998, “Cultural Landscapes and Traditional Cultural Properties: A Southern Paiute View of the Grand Canyon and Colorado River,” American Indian Quarterly 21(2):229-249.
Stoffle, Richard, et al., 2000, “Ghost Dancing the Grand Canyon: Southern Paiute Rock Art, Ceremony, and Cultural Landscapes,” Current Anthropology 41(1):11-38.
Sundsgtrom, Lea, 1996, “Mirror of Heaven: Cross-Cultural Transference of the Sacred Geography of the Black Hills,” World Archaeology 28(2):177-189.
Theodoratus, Dorthea J., and Frank LaPena, 1994, “Wintu Sacred Geography of Northern California,” Sacred Sites, Sacred Places, David L. Carmichael, et al., eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 20-31.
Townsend, Richard, ed., 1992, The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes, Chicago, IL: The Art Institute of Chicago.
Trope, Jack F., 1996, “Existing Federal Law and the Protection of Sacred Sites: Possibilities and Limitations,” Cultural Survival Quarterly 19(4):30-35.
Versluis, Arthur, 1992, Sacred Earth: The Spiritual Landscape of Native America, Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International.
Weaver, Jace, ed., 1996, Defending Mother Earth: Native American Perspectives on Environmental Justice, Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
Whitley, David S., 1998, “Cognitive Neuroscience, Shamanism and Rock Art of Native California,” Anthropology of Consciousness 9(1):22-37.
Yablon, Marcia, 2004, “Property Rights and Sacred Sites: Federal Regulatory Responses to American Indian Religious Claims on Public Land,” Yale Law Journal 113(7):1623-1663.
Recommended videos: To Find Our Life: Peyote Hunt of the Huichol Indians of Mexico, Mount Shasta: Cathedral of Wilderness, Our Sacred Land (Lakota Sioux, Black Hills)(VHS 8373, 28 minutes), Peyote Road: Ancient Religion in Contemporary Crisis (VHS 10429, 59 minutes)
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September 6 Video: Places of Peace and Power: The Sacred Site Pilgrimage of Martin Gray (available in Sinclair Library, Wong AV, 100 minutes)
Open class discussion
Recommended web sites:
Places of Peace and Power (Martin Gray)
http://www.sacredsites.com
Brad Olsen
http://www.bradolsen.com
Recommended readings:
Carmody, Denise Lardner, and John Tully Carmody, 1996, Mysticism: Holiness East and West, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Casey, Edward S., 1993, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Eliade, Mircea, 1957/1987, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, New York, NY: Harcourt Brace and CO.
Gray, Martin, 1999, Places of Peace and Power: Teachings from a Pilgrim’s Journey, Sedona, AZ: Martin Gray manuscript.
Harvey, Graham, ed., 2003, Shamanism: A Reader, New York, NY: Routledge.
Laski, Marghanita, 1961, Ecstasy: A Study of Some Secular and Religious Experiences, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Lewis, I.M., 1971, Ecstatic Religion: An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism, New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Narby, Jeremy, and Francis Huxley, eds., 2001, Shamans Through Time: 500 Years on the Path to Knowledge, New York, NY: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam.
Otto, Rudolph, 1950, The Idea of the Holy, London, UK: Oxford University Press.
Paden, William E., 1992, Interpreting the Sacred: Ways of Viewing Religion, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Saint-Laurent, George E., 2000, Spirituality and World Religions: A Comparative Introduction, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.
Smart, Ninian, 1996, Dimensions of the Sacred: An Anatomy of the World’s Beliefs, Berkeley, CA; University of California Press.
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 1990, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
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September 13 PowerPoint Lecture: Sacred Places: A Worldwide Photographic Plgrimage
Recommended web sites:
Alliance of Religions and Conservation
http://www.arcworld.org
Sacred Places (Christopher L.C.E. Witcombe)
http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/
Sacred Sites International
http://www.sacred-sites.org
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
http://www.UNESCO.org/whc
Recommended readings:
Altman, Nathaniel, 1994, Sacred Trees, San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
Altman, Nathaniel, 2002, Sacred Water: The Spiritual Source of Life, Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press/Hidden Spring.
Arnold, Philip P., and Ann Grodzins Gold, 2001, Sacred Landscapes and Cultural Politics,
Becker, Nancy and Leonard, eds., 2004, Sacred Sites International: A Compendium 1990-2003, Berkeley, CA: Sacred Sites International.
Bender, Barbara, and Margot Winer, eds., 2001, Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place, New York, NY: Berg.
Bernbaum, Edwin, 1990, Sacred Mountains of the World, San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
Carmichael, David L., et al., eds., 1994, Sacred Sites, Sacred Places, New York, NY: Routledge.
Chandran, Subash, and J. Donald Hughes, 1997, “The Sacred Groves of South India: Ecology, Traditional Communities and Religious Change,” Social Compass 44(3):413-428.
David, Bruno, and Meredith Wilson, eds., 2002, Inscribed Landscapes: Marking and Making Places, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai`i Press.
De Beer, F.C., 1999, “Mountains as Cultural Resources: Values and Management Issues,” South African Journal of Ethnology 22(1):20-25.
Fagan, Brian, 1998, From Black Land to Fifth Sun: The Science of Sacred Sites, Reading, MA: Perseus Books.
Faulstich, Paul, 2005, “Sacred Space/Place,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 2:1462-1463.
Hirsch, Eric, and Michael O’Hanlon, eds., 1995, The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Joseph, Frank, 1992, Sacred Sites: A Guidebook to Sacred Centers and Mysterious Places in the United States, St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications.
Kawanabe, Hiroya, 2003, “Cultural Associations in an Ancient Lake: Gods of Water in Lake Biwa and the River Yodo basin, Japan,” Hyrdrobiologia 500(1-3):213-217.
Low, Setha M., and Denise Lwarence-Zuniga, eds., 2003, The Anthropology of Space and Place: : Locating Culture, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Santos-Granero, Fernando, 1998, “Writing History into the Landscape: Space, Myth, and Ritual in Contemporary Amazonia,” American Ethnologist 25(2):128-148.
Schaper, Donna E., 2001, The Art of Spiritual Rock Gardening, Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press/Hidden Spring.
Subotic, Gojko, 1997, Art of Kosovo: The Sacred Land, New York, NY: Monacelli Press.
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September 20 Class discussion with panel of facilitators:
Swan, James A., 1990, Sacred Places: How the Living Earth Seeks Our Friendship.
Recommended readings:
Betcher, Sharon V., 2005, “Spirit and Nature,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 2:1590-1592.
Cohen, Michael J., 1997, Reconnecting With Nature: Finding Wellness Through Restoring Your Bond With The Earth, Corvallis, OR: Ecopress.
Macy, Joanna, and Molly Young Brown, 1998, Coming Back to Life: Practices to Reconnect Our Lives, Our World, Gabriola Island, British Columbia: New Society Publishers.
Metzner, Ralph, 1999, Green Psychology: Transforming Our Relationships to the Earth, Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.
Montgomery, Pam, 1997, Partner Earth: Restoring Our Sacred Relationship with Nature, Rochester, VT: Destiny Books.
Nollman, Jim, 1990, Spiritual Ecology: A Guide to Reconnecting with Nature, New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Skolimowski, Henryk, 1993, A Sacred Place to Dwell: Living with Reverence upon the Earth, Rockport, MA: Element Books, Ltd.
Swan, James A., 1983, “Sacred Places in Nature: A Unitive Theme for a Transpersonal Approach to Environmental Education,” Journal of Environmental Education 14(4):32-37.
Swan, James A., ed., 1991, The Power of Place: Sacred Ground in Natural and Human Environments, Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House/Quest Books.
Swan, James A., and Roberta Swan, eds., 1996, Dialogues with the Living Earth: New Ideas on the Spirit of Place from Designers, Architects, and Innovators, Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House/Quest Books.
Swan, James A., 2000, Nature as Teacher and Healer: How to Reawaken Your Connection with Nature, Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com, Inc.
Tobias, Michael, and Georgianne Cowan, eds., 1996, The Soul of Nature: Celebrating the Spirit of the Earth, New York, NY: Continuum.
Trompf, Garry W., 2005, “Wonder Toward Nature,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 2:1759-1763.
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September 27 Individual Research Project (no class meeting)
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October 4 Class discussion with panel of facilitators:
Crosby, Donald A., 2002, A Religion of Nature.
Recommended web sites:
Green Earth Foundation
http://www.rmetzner-greenearth.org
Institute on Religion in an Age of Science, Inc.
http://www.iras.org
Metanexus Institute
http://www.metanexus.org
Science and Spirit
http://www.science-spirit.org
What the Bleep DO We Know?
http://www.whatthebleep.com
Recommended readings:
Albanese, Catherine L., 1990, Nature Religion in America: From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Albanese, Catherine L., 2002, Reconsidering Nature Religion, Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International.
Ayres, Ed, 1999, God’s Last Offer: Negotiating for a Sustainable Future, New York, NY: Four Walls Eight Windows.
Barnhill, David Landis, and Roger S. Gottlieb, eds., 2001, Deep Ecology and World Religions: New Essays on Sacred Ground, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Callicott, J. Baird, 1994, Earth’s Insights: A Multicultural Survey of Ecological Ethics from the Mediterranean Basin to the Australian Outback, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Davy, Barbara Jane, 2005, “Nature Religion,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press, 2:1173-1175.
Deloria, Vine, Jr., 2005, “The Sacred and the Modern World,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 2:1446-1448.
Dorman, Robert L., 1998, A Word for Nature: Four Pioneering Environmental Advocates, 1845-1913, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Gardner, Gary, 2002, Invoking the Spirit: Religion and Spirituality in the Quest for a Sustainable World, Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute. http://www.worldwatch.org/pubs/paper/164
Goodenough, Ursula, 1998, The Sacred Depths of Nature, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Goodenough, Ursula, 2005, “Religious Naturalism,” Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 2:1371-1373.
McGrath, Alister, 2002, The Reenchantment of Nature: The Denial of Religion and the Ecological Crisis, New York, NY: Doubelday/Galilee.
Metzner, Ralph, 1999, Green Psychology: Transforming Our Relationship to the Earth, Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.
Milton, Kay, 2002, Loving Nature: Towards an Ecology of Emotion, New York, NY: Routledge.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 1993, The Need for a Sacred Science, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 1996, Religion and the Order of Nature, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Palmer, Joy A., ed., 2001, Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment, New York, NY: Routledge.
Palmer, Martin, and Victoria Finlay, 2003, Faith in Conservation: New Approaches to Religions and Environment, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Sponsel, Leslie E., 2005, “Anthropology as a Source of Nature Religion,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 1:96-98.
Tucker, Mary Evelyn, and Judith A. Berling, 2003, Worldly Wonder: Religions Enter Their Ecological Phase, LaSalle, IL: Open Court.
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October 11 Class discussion with panel of facilitators:
Kellert, Stephen R., and Timothy J. Farnham, eds., 2002, The Good in Nature and Humanity: Connecting Science, Religion, and Spirituality with the Natural World.
Recommended readings:
Barbour, Ian G., 2000, When Science Meets Religion: Enemies, Strangers, or Partners?, San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.
Smith, Huston, 2001, Why Religion Matters: The Fate of the Human Spirit in an Age of Disbelief, San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.
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October 18 Sacred Places of Southeast Asia
Videos: Prajna Earth: Journey into Sacred Nature (85 minutes), Dharma River: Journey of a Thousand Buddhas (81 minutes)
Recommended readings:
Baldeck, Andrea, 2004, “Sacred Places of Southeast Asia,” Expedition 46(2):36-43.
Boomgaard, Peter, 1995, “Sacred Trees and Haunted Forests in Indonesia,” Asian Perceptions of Nature, Ole Bruun and Arne Kalland, eds., Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, pp. 47-62.
Sponsel, Leslie E., 2005, “Southeast Asia,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press, 2:1582-1585.
Wurlitzer, Rudolph, 1995, Hard Travel to Sacred Places, Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.
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October 25 PowerPoint Lecture: Part I. Exploring the possible ecological relationships between monks, caves, bats, forests, and conservation; Part II: A tour of some sacred caves in northern Thailand
Video: Buddhism: Man & Nature: A Reflection on Our Oneness with Nature (VHS 1371, 14 minutes)
Required readings:
Sponsel, L.E., and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel, 2004, “Illuminating Darkness: The Monk-Cave-Bat-Ecosystem Complex in Thailand,” This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment (Second Edition), New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 134-144.
Recommended readings:
Conkey, Margaret W., 1981, “A Century of Palaeolithic Cave Art,” Archaeology 34(4):20-28.
Darlington, Susan M., 1998, “The Ordination of a Tree: The Buddhist Ecology Movement in Thailand,” Ethnology 37(1):1-15.
Darlington, Susan M., 2003, “The Spirit(s) of Conservation in Buddhist Thailand,” Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and Environment in Non-Western Cultures, Helaine Selin, ed., Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publisher, pp. 129-145.
Darlington, Susan M., 2005, “Thai Buddhist Monks,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 2:1629-1630.
Dharma Publishing, 1994, Holy Places of the Buddha, Berkeley, CA: Dharma Publishing.
Douglas, Mary, 1970, Natural Symbols, London, UK: Barrie and Rockcliff.
Einarsen, John, ed., 1995, The Sacred Mountains of Asia, Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.
Ekachai, Sanitsuda, 2001, Keeping the Faith: Thai Buddhism at the Crossroads, Bangkok, Thailand: Post Books.
Ferguson, John P., and Christina B. Johannsen, 1976, “Modern Buddist Murals in Northern Thailand: A Study of Religious Symbols and Meaning,” American Ethnologist 3(4):645-669.
Henning, Daniel H., 2002, Buddhism and Deep Ecology, Bloomington, IN: 1st Books.
Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn, 1998, Buddhism and Nature Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand: Thammasat University Press.
Lewis-Williams, David J., and Jean Clottes, 1998, “The Mind in the Cave - the Cave in the Mind: Altered Consciousness in the Upper Paleolithic,” Anthropology of Consciousness 9(1):13-21.
Munier, Christophe, 1998, Sacred Rocks and Buddhist Caves in Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press.
Nhat Hanh, Thich, 2004, Touching the Earth: Intimate Conversations with the Buddha, Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press.
Nyanasobhano, Bhikkhu, 1998, Landscapes of Wonder: Discovering Buddhist Dharma in the World Around Us, Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Oberoi, H., 1992, “Popular Saints, Goddesses, and Village Sacred Sites: Rereading Sikh Experience in the Nineteenth Century,” History of Religions 31(4):363-384.
Palmer, Martin, 1996, Travels Through Sacred China, San Francisco, CA: Thorsons.
Price, M.F., “Why Mountain Forests Are Important,” Forestry Chronicle 79(2):219-222.
Pruess, James B., 1979, “Merit and Misconduct: Venerating the Bo Tree at a Buddhist Shrine,” American Ethnologist 6(2):261-273.
Ramakrishnan, P.S., K.G. Saxena, and U.M. Chandrashekara, eds., 1998, Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management, Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, Inc.
Sponsel, Leslie E., 2005, “Biodiversity,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 1:179-182,
Sponsel, Leslie E., 2005, “Caves - Sacred (Thailand),” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 1:274-276.
Sponsel, L.E., Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel, Nukul Ruttanadakul, and Sompron Juntadach, 1998, “Sacred and/or Secular Places Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation in Thailand,” Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 2(1):155-167.
Sponsel, L.E., and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel, 2001, “Why a Tree is More than a Tree: Reflections on the Spiritual Ecology of Sacred Trees in Thailand,” Santi Pracha Dhamma, Sulak Sivaraksa, et al., eds., Bangkok, Thailand: Santi Pracha Dhamma Institute, pp. 364-373.
Sponsel, L.E., and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel, 2003, “Buddhist Views of Nature and Environment,” Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and Environment in Non-Western Cultures, Helaine Selin, ed., Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 351-371.
Standen, Mark, and John Hoskin, 1998, Buddha in the Landscape: A Sacred Expression of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand: Mark Standen Publishing.
Swearer, Donald K., Sommai Premchit, and Phaithoon Dokbuakaew, 2004, Sacred Mountains of Northern Thailand and Their Legends, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Tambiah, Stanley, 1969, “Animals Are Good to Think and Good to Prohibit,” Ethnology VIII(4):423-459.
Tankha, Brij, 1997, Buddhist Pilgrimage, Torrance, CA: Heian International, Inc.
Tiyavanich, Kamala, 2003, The Buddha in the Jungle, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
Turner, Victor, 1969, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Visalo, Phra Paisal, 2005, “Siam’s Forest Monasteries,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 2:1543.
Zangpo, Ngawang, 2001, Sacred Ground: Jamgon Kongtrul on “Pilgrimage and Sacred Geography,” Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.
Recommended web site:
Bat Conservation International
http://www.batcon.org
Buddhism
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/Sponsel/
Recommended videos: Mountains and Rivers: Mystical Realism of Zen Master Dogen (45 minutes), Natural Meditation (Lama Surya Das) (34 minutes)
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November 1 Class discussion with panel of facilitators:
Lane, Belden C., 2001, Landscapes of the Sacred: Geography and Narrative in American Spirituality.
Recommended reading:
Lane, Belden C., 1998, The Solace of Fierce Landscapes: Desert and Mountain Spirituality, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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November 8 Class discussion with panel of facilitators:
Wind, James P., 1997, Places of Worship: Exploring their History.
Recommended readings:
Barrie, Thomas, 1996, Spiritual Path, Sacred Place: Myth, Ritual, and Meaning in Architecture, Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.
Bell, Catherine, 1992, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bell, Catherine, 1997, Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Dempsey, Corinne, 2000, “The Religioning of Anthropology: New Directions for the Ethnographer-Pilgrim,” Culture and Religion 1(2):189-210.
Geertz, Clifford, 1966, “Religion as a Cultural System,” Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, London, UK: Tavistock, pp. 1-46.
Kidder, David W., 1992, “Culture and the Unconscious in Environmental Theory,” Environmental Ethics 20(1):61-80.
Mazumdar S., 2004, “Religion and Place Attachment: A Study of Sacred Places,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 24(3):385-397.
McNally, Jr., Dennis, 1985, Sacred Space: An Aesthetic for the Liturgical Environment, Bristol, IN: Wyndham Hall Press.
Rappaport, Roy A., 1999, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Sponsel, Leslie E., 2001, “Do Anthropologists Need Religion, and Vice Versa? Adventures and Dangers in Spiritual Ecology,” New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections, Carole L. Crumley, ed., Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, pp. 177-200.
Tucker, Mary Evelyn, 1997, “The Emerging Alliance of Ecology and Religion,” Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 1(1):3-24.
Whaling, Frank, ed., 1995, Theory and Method in Religious Studies: Contemporary Approaches to the Study of Religion, New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter (especially chapters 7-8).
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November 15 Class discussion with panel of facilitators:
Holm, Jean, and John Bowker, eds., 1994, Sacred Place.
Recommended readings:
Alcock, S.E., and R. Osborne, eds., 1994, Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Places in Ancient Greece, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Alley, Kelly D., 1998, “Images of Waste and Purification on the Banks of the Ganga,” City and Society 167-182.
Bakker, H., 1990, The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature, New York, NY: E.J. Brill.
Bastien, Joseph W., 1985, Mountain of the Condor: Metaphor and Ritual in an Andean Ayllu, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
Bauer, Brian S., and Wilton Barrionuevo-Orosco, 1998, “Reconstructing Andean Shrine Systems: A Test Case from the Xaquixaguana (Anta) region of Cusco, Peru,” Andean Past 5:73-87.
Bender, Barbara, 1999, Stonehenge: Making Space, New York, NY: Berg Publishers.
Berndt, R.M., 1964, “The Gove Dispute: The Question of Australian Aboriginal Land and the Preservation of Sacred Sites,” Anthropological Forum 1(2):258-295.
Bhasin, Veena, 1999, “Religious and Cultural Perspectives of a Sacred Site: Sitabari,” Journal of Human Ecology 10(5-6):329-340.
Butler, Jenny, 2003, “Ireland’s Sacred Landscape: Neo-Pagan Worldview and the Ritual Utilization of Sacred Sites,” Beascna: Journal of Folklore and Ethnology 2:29-45.
Campbell, Matthew, 2002, “Ritual Landscape in Late Pre-Contact Raratonga: A Brief Reading,” Journal of the Polynesian Society 111(2):147-170.
Clarke, Richard, 2000, “Self-presentation in a Contested City: Palestinian and Israeli Political Tourism in Hebron,” Anthropology Today 16(5):12-18.
Colm, Sara, 2000, “Sacred Balance: Conserving the Ancestral Lands of Cambodia’s Indigenous Communities,” Indigenous Affairs 4:30-39.
Colson, Elizabeth, 1997, “Places of Power and Shrines of the Land,” Paideuma 43:47-57.
Dearborn, David S.P., Matthew T. Seddon, and Brian S. Bauer, 1998, “The Sanctuary of Titicaca: Where the Sun Returns to Earth,” Latin American Antiquity 9(3):240-258.
Devereux, Paul, 1992, Secrets of Ancient and Sacred Places, London, UK: Blandford.
Dubey, D.P., 1995, Pilgrimage Studies: Sacred Places, Sacred Traditions, Allahabad, India: Society of Pilgrimage Studies.
Eck, Diana L., 1998, “The Imagined Landscape: Patterns in the Construction of Hindu Sacred Geography,” Contributions to Indian Sociology n.s. 32(2):165-188.
Eck, Diana L., 1999, Banaras: City of Light, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Edensor, Tim, 1998, Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site, New York, NY: Routledge.
Eordegian, Marlen, 2003, “British and Israeli Maintenance of the Status Quo in the Holy Places of Christendom,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 35(2):307-328.
Fernandez, James W., 1984, “Emergence and Convergence in Some African Sacred Places,” Geoscience and Man 24:31-42.
Flamm, Roy, 1986, Sacred Places of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA: Presidio Press.
Fleming, Jane, 1983, “Sacred Peak of Tai Shan,” The Geographical Magazine 55:534-537.
Freeman, Michael, 1998, “Moving Mountain,” Geographical 70(2):40-44.
Friedland, R., and R. Hecht, 1998, “The Symbol and the Stone: Jerusalem at the Millennium,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 558:144-162.
Gaenszle, Martin, 2002, “Nepali Kings and Kasi: On the Changing Significance of a Sacred Centre,” Studies in Nepali History and Society 7(1):1-33.
Gothoni, Rene, 1998, “How Mount Athos Becomes the Holy Mountain of Athos: The Experiences of Athos pilgrims,” Temenos 34:33-40.
Grabar, Oleg, 1988, “A Sense of the Sacred: The Values Enshrined in Holy Places,” UNESCO Courier 41:27, 31.
Hinkson, Melinda, 2002, “Exploring `Aboriginal’ Sites in Sydney: A Shifting Politics of Place?,” Aboriginal History 26:62-77.
Hirschfeld, C., 1990, “Sacred Places,” Archaeology 43(1):42-49.
Holly, Jr., Donald H., 2003, “Places of the Living, Places of the Dead: Situating a Sacred Geography,” Northeast Anthropology 66:57-76.
Hori, Ichiro, 1966, “Mountains and Their Importance for the Idea of the Other World in Japanese Folk Religion,” History of Religions 6(1):1-23.
Hou, Wuhui, 1997, “Reflections on Chinese Traditional Ideas of Nature,” Environmental History 2(4):482-493.
Houdsen, Roger, 1996, Travels Through Sacred India,San Francisco, CA: Thorsons.
Jain, Alka, et al., 2004, “Folklores of Sacred Khecheopalri Lake in the Sikkim Himalaya of India,” Asian Folklore Studies 63(2):291-302.
Kondo, M., 1991, “The Formation of Sacred Places as a Factor of the Environmental Preservation: The Case of Setonaikai (inland sea), Japan,” Marine Pollution Bulletin 23:649-652.
Lai, Whalen, 1990, “Looking for Mr. Ho Po: Unmasking the River God of Ancient China,” History of Religions 29(4):335-350.
Lewis-Williams, David J., and T.A. Dowson, 1993, “On Vision and Power in the Neolithic: Evidence from the Decorated Monuments,” Current Anthropology 34(1):55-65.
Lodrick, Deryck O., 1981, Sacred Cows, Sacred Places: Origins and Survivals of Animal Houses in India, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Mack, Alexandra, 2004, “One Landscape, Many Experiences: Differing Perspectives of the Temple Districts of Vijayanagara,” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 11(1):59-81.
Magliocco, Sabina, 2005, “Altars and Shrines,” The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, New York, NY: Continuum Press 1:36-37.
McWilliam, Andrew, 1998, “Negotiating Desecration: Sacred Sites Damage and Due Compensation in the Northern Territory,” Australian Aboriginal Studies 1:2-10.
Morinis, Alan, 1984, Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Morris, C., 2003, “Sacred Places, Religious Places, Sanctuaries,” English Historical Review 118(479):1358-1359.
Mulvaney, Ken, and Jerry Jones, 2002, “Lightening Strikes Twice: Conflicts in Perception of Painted Images,” Australian Aboriginal Studies 2:27-34.
Murphy, J.J., 2003, “Sacred Places along Willa Cather’s Route to Avignon,” Religion and Literature 35(2-3):29-47.
Nanda, Vivek, 1999/2000, “Kumbakonam: The Ritual Topography of a Royal City of South India,” Archaeology International pp. 43-48.
Naquin, Susan, 1992, Pilgrimage and Sacred Sites in China, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Nelson, John K., 1996, A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Omura, H., 2004, “Trees, Forests and Religion in Japan,” Mountain Research and Development 24(2):179-182.
Owens, Bruce McCoy, 2002, “Monumentality, Identity, and the State: Local Practice, World Heritage, and Heterotopia at Swayambhu, Nepal,” Anthropological Quarterly 75(2):269-317.
Rapoport, A., 1982, “Sacred Places, Sacred Occasions and Sacred Environments, Design and Culture,” Architectural Design 52(9-10):75-82.
Reciehl-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 1990, The Sacred Mountain of Colombia’s Kogi Indians, New York, NY: E.J. Brill.
Reinhard, Johan, 1998, “The Temple of Blindness: An Investigation of the Inca Shrine of Ancocagua,” Andean Past 5:89-108.
Sanborn, L.S., 1990, “Sacred Places of the Southwest and the Camposanto,” Places - A Quarterly Journal of Environmental Design 7(1):42-49.
Scott, J., and Housley P. Simpson, eds., 1991, Sacred Places and Profane Spaces: Essays in the Geographics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
Siegel, Peter E., 1999, “Contested Places and Places of Contes: The Evolution of Social Power and Ceremonial Space in Prehistoric Puerto Rico,” Latin American Antiquity 10(3):209-238.
Smith, Nigel J.H., 1996, The Enchanted Amazon Rain Forest: Stories from a Vanishing World, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
Solina, Kirsti, and Tommy Lahtinen, 2001-2002, “Holiness, Holy Places and the El-Baqqali Family in northern Morocco,” Temenos 37-38:209-226.
Stewart, Pamela J., and Andrew Strathern, 2000, “Naming Places: Duna Evocations of Landscape in Papua New Guinea,” People and Culture in Oceania 16:87-107.
Strelein, Lisa, and Larissa Behrendt, 2001, “Old Habits Die Hard: Indigenous Land Rights and Mining in Australia,” Cultural Survival Quarterly 25(1):51-53.
Taylor, Daniel, 2005, In Search of Sacred Places, Looking for Wisdom on Celtic Holy Islands, Saint Pual, MN: Bog Walk Press.
Tilley, Christopher, 1996, “The Power of Rocks: Topography and Monument Construction on Bodmin Moor,” World Archaeology 28(2):161-176.
Tonkinson, Robert, 1991, The Mardu Aborigines: Living the Dream in Australia’s Desert, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Tweed, Thomas A., 2000, “John Wesley Slept Here: American Shrines and American Methodists,” Numen 47(1):41-68.
Winter, J., 1995, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
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November 22 Class discussion with panel of facilitators:
Barber, Richard, 1991, Pilgrimages.
Recommended readings:
Bauer, Brian S., and Charles Stanish, 2001, Ritual and Pilgrimage in the Ancient Andes: The Islands of the Sun and Moon, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Bender, Barbara, 1998, Stonehenge: Making Space,
Callewaert, D., 2004, “Sacred Places: Jerusalem, Lourdes, and Shopping Malls,” Volkskunde 105(1):101-103.
Clark, Ian D., 2002, “The Ebb and Flow of Tourism at Lal Lal Falls, Victoria: A Tourism History of a Sacred Aboriginal Site,” Australian Aboriginal Studies 2:45-53.
Coleman, Simon, 2000, “Meanings of Movement, Place, and Home at Walsingham,” Culture and Religion 1(1):153-169.
Coplan, David B., 2003, “Land from the Ancestors: Popular Religious Pilgrimage along the South African-Lesotho Border,” Journal of Southern African Studies 29(4):977-993.
Eade, John, and Michael J. Sallnow, eds., 1990, Contesting the Sacred: The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage, New York, NY: Routledge.
Frembgen, J.W., 2004, “Pilgrimage Sites along the periphery of Syria: An Ethnological Study on Cognitive Construction of Sacred Places and Their Practical Relevance,” Anthropos 99(2):621-622.
Gath, Alex, 2000, “Division and Demolition at the Tomb of a Beloved Saint: The Evolving Character of an Orthodox Christian Pilgrim Centre in India,” Culture and Religion 1(2):171-187.
Hayes, D.M., 1999, “Mundane Uses of Sacre Places in the central and later Middle Ages, with a focus on Chartres Cathedral,” Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 30:11-36.
Ivakhiv, Adrian J., 2001, Claiming Sacred Ground: Pilgrims and Politics at Glastonbury and Sedona, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
James, W.C., 1999, “Sacred Places, Sacred Spaces: The Geography of Pilgrimage,” Studies in Religion 28(4):828-529.
Kedar, Benjamin Z., and R.J. Werblowsky, eds., 1998, Sacred Space: Shrine, City, Land, Washington, D.C.: New York University Press.
Lymer, Kenneth, 2004, “Rags and Rock Art: The Landscapes of Holy Site Pilgrimage in the Republic of Kazakhstan,” World Archaeology 36(1):158-172.
Meyerhoff, Barbara, 1974, Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journeys of the Huichol Indians, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Morinis, Alan, ed., 1992, Sacred Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage, New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
Morinis, Alan, 1984, Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: A Case Study in West Bengal,
Naquin, Susan, and Chun-fang Yu, 1989, Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China,
Nolan, Mary L., and Sidney Nolan, 1989, Christian Pilgrimage in Modern Western Europe, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Palmer, Martin, and Nigel Palmer, 1997, Sacred Britain: A Guide to the Sacred Sites and Pilgrim Routes of England, Scotland, and Wales, London, UK: Judy Piatkus Publishers, Ltd.
Prorock, C.V., 2003, “Transplanting Pilgrimage Traditions in the Americas,” Geographical Review 93(3):283-307.
Rountree, Kathryn, 2002, “Goddess Pilgrims as Tourists: Inscribing the Body through Sacred Travel,” Sociology of Religion 63(4):475-497.
Sallnow, Michael J., 1989, Pilgrims of the Andes: Regional Cults in Cusco, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press.
Sheldrake, Philip, 2001, Spaces for the Sacred: Place, Memory, and Identity, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Snelling, John, 1990, Sacred Mountains: Travelers and Pilgrims at Mount Kailas, The Hague, The Netherlands: East West Publications.
Souden, David, 2001, Pilgrimage, Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House/Quest Books.
Statler, Oliver, 1983, Japanese Pilgrimage,New York, NY: Morrow.
Turner, Victor, and Edith L.B. Turner, 1978, Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Westwood, Jennifer, 1997, Sacred Journeys: An Illustrated Guide to Pilgrimages Around the World, New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company [includes Guide to Sacred Places].
Recommended videos: Between Two Worlds: A Japanese Pilgrimage to the Eighty-eight Places of Shikoku (Japan)(VHS 11698, 30 minutes), Inside Mecca (Islam), Jerusalem (VHS 14858, 150 minutes), Mecca: The Forbidden City (Islam), The Shrine (El Sanctuario de Chimayo, NM), Spirit of Pagan (Burma)(VHS 18785, 46 minutes)
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November 29 Individual Research Project (no class meeting)
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December 6 Native Hawaiian Sacred Places
Videos:
Mauna Kea: Temple Under Siege (VHS 21514, 69 minutes)
First Light (Mauna Keau, Maui) (VHS 21224, 57 minutes)
Guest discussion by Native Hawaiians
Required readings:
McGregor, Davianna Pomaika`i, 2005, “Hawai`i,” ERN 1:748-750.
Bernbaum, Edwin, 2005, “Sacred Mountains,” ERN 2:1456-1460.
Schlehe, Judith, and Urte Undine Fromming, 2005, “Volcanoes,” ERN 2:1707-1709.
Recommended readings:
Bacchilega, Cristina, 2001, “Hawai`i`s Storied Places: Anne Kapulani Landgraf’s Re-Vision of Landscape and Illustration,” History of Photography 25(3):240-252.
Becket, Jan, and Joseph Singer, 1999, Pana O`ahu: Sacred Stones, Sacred Land, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai`i Press.
Crowe, Ellie, and William Crowe, 2001, Exploring Lost Hawai`i: Places of Power, History, Mystery and Magic, `Aiea, HI: Island Heritage.
Cunningham, Scott, 1994, Hawaiian Religion and Magic, St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications.
Edelstein, Michael R., 1995, “Cultural Relativity of Impact Assessment: Native Hawaiian Opposition to Geothermal Energy Development,” Society and Natural Resources 8:19-31.
Kirch, Patrick V., 2003, “Temple Sites in Kahikinui, Maui, Hawaiian Islands: Their Orientation Decoded,” Antiquity 78(299):102-114.
Klieger, P. Christiaan, 1998, Moku`ula: Maui’s Sacred Island, Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum.
Kolb, Michael J., 1991, “Who Owns the Past? A Case Study on Excavating Sacred Sites on the Island of Maui, Hawai`i,” Anthropology UCLA 18:83-99.
Lee, Georgia, 1995, “Wahi Pana o Hawai`i Nei: Sacred Sites in Hawai`i,” Rapa Nui Journal 9(2):47-54.
Lee, Georgia, 2002, “Wahi Pana: Legendary Places on Hawai`i Island,” Inscribed Landscapes: Marking and Making Place, Bruno David and Meredith Wilson, eds., Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai`i Press, pp. 79-92.
Patterson, John, 1998, “Respecting Nature: a Maori Perspective,” Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 2(1):69-78.
Ruggles, Clive, 1999, “Astronomy, Oral Literature, and Landscape in Ancient Hawai`I,” Archaeoastronomy 14(2):33-86.
Schlehe, Judith, 1996, “Reinterpretations of Mystical Traditions: Explanations of a Volcanic Eruption in Java,” Anthropos 91:391-409.
Taylor, Paul W., 1995, “Myths, Legends and Volcanic Activity: An Example from Northern Tonga,” The Journal of the Polynesian Society 104(3):323-346.
Thompson, Vivian L., 1988, Hawaiian Myths of Earth, Sea, and Sky, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Recommended videos: Ho`oku`ikahi: To Unify as One (VHS 15693, 47 minutes), Listen to the Forest (VHS 9093, 55 minutes), Malama Halawa: The Caretaking of a Valley (O`ahu and H3 Highway)(VHS 17411, 35 minutes), Maoli No (Nature Conservancy)(being cataloged at Wong AV Sinclair Library)
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December 15 Thursday noon - 2:00 p.m. FINAL EXAMINATION (brief PowerPoint presentation summarizing main conclusions of individual research project which reflects entire course)
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