NOTE: The course materials below include a list of main points, questions, required readings, books and articles, and case studies for each of 50 different topics for a multidisciplinary course on violence studies. Also see Part II for appendices with further resources. While this resource was compiled in 1998 and is no longer current, still it provides a fairly thorough foundation of resources up to that year and interested individuals can then build on it further to the present for any particular topic (s) of special interest.

 

COURSE SYLLABUS

 

VIOLENCE STUDIES:

A MULTILEVEL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY SURVEY

 

COURSE:

INSTITUTION:

TIME:

PLACE:

INSTRUCTOR:

Office:
Office hours:
Office phone:
Email:

ORIENTATION:

"Violent behavior in America is at an all-time high and seems to be increasing. We are a violent society. Each day new and more spectacular violent acts are reported in the media.... We now know that violent acts can be located in any home in America, in any part of an American city, in a ghetto or in a suburban affluent neighborhood. We know that violence is an epidemic. The level of violence in our society is so high that we can no longer ignore it" (Leah J. Dickstein, M.D., and Carol C. Nadelson, M.D., 1989, Family Violence: Emerging Issues of a National Crisis, Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., p. 3).

Violence is a serious, pivotal, complex, and difficult issue in modern society whether in the USA or elsewhere. Here violence is used as a generic category which includes aggression and warfare. From a holistic perspective, violence is simply anything that causes harm to a being, whether human or non-human, someone else or one's self. It involves many diverse kinds of harm including physical, psychological, spiritual, social, and economic. Ultimately, in one way or another, as social beings all humans are involved in some kinds of violence at one time or another as victims and as perpetrators (see Appendix 1).

This course will concentrate primarily on violence and war, but not to the complete exclusion of any consideration of nonviolence and peace. Just as in medicine, where health and disease are best understood in relation to one another, and where the contexts (family, community, and society) as well as the individual are ideally all considered, so in this course on violence studies, like peace studies in general, such a broad and diverse approach is ideal. If ultimately one of our major goals is to reduce all types and levels of violence, it would be ridiculous to ignore nonviolence and peace.

Most people in Western societies follow the negative concept of peace; namely, that peace is reducible to nothing more than the absence of war. The positive concept goes much further, it includes the relative absence of war and other violence (including structural violence) together with the relative presence of nonviolent values and conflict management and resolution, social cooperation and harmony, social and economic justice, human rights, etc. Accordingly, those who follow the negative concept of peace tend to see nothing more than violence and war to the exclusion of any other considerations. Those who follow the positive concept believe that they are getting at the underlying causes of violence, aggression, and war, rather than just reacting to the superficial symptoms. While both concepts have their pros and cons, the positive concept will be taken into consideration throughout this course.

All of these and other phenomena will be surveyed in as many perspectives, levels, contexts, and times as feasible. Perspectives include holistic, biological, evolutionary, cultural, and comparative. The comparative aspect encompasses cross-species, cross-cultural, and cross-national comparisons. Levels refers to individual, group, state, international, and global. Contexts include, but are not limited to, home, community, school, workplace, sports, media, ethnic conflict, civil and international wars. Times encompasses the past---prehistory and history, present, and even future projections.

As many academic disciplines and professions will be included as possible, but the following will be emphasized: anthropology, art, biology, ecology, economics, geography, history, law, literature, medicine, music, philosophy, political science, psychiatry, psychology, and sociology. Thus, ultimately the course will be multi- inter-, and trans-disciplinary. (See Appendix 2 for Conceptual Matrix to be applied to each type of violence studied. This matrix is very important).

The main underlying thesis or argument is that there has been a tendency away from nonviolence and peace toward increased violence and war as a megatrend in human prehistory and history which continues to the present and is likely to persist decades if not centuries into the future. However, this reflects sociocultural (including political) evolution, rather than any form of rigid biological determinism or any inevitable expression of human nature. Furthermore, anthropological and historical records demonstrate the existence of relatively nonviolent and peaceful societies which may provide heuristic models for others. Just as wars and violence begin in the minds of individuals, so can peace and nonviolence, as has been repeatedly demonstrated by numerous and diverse cases.

PIVOTAL QUESTIONS:

1. What is the natural history of violence and war, and secondarily, of nonviolence and peace?

2. What are the types, distributions, conditions, causes, functions, and consequences of violence and war, and secondarily of nonviolence and peace?

3. What transforms nonviolence or peace to violence or war, or vice versa?

4. What are the possible policy implications, interventions, and other actions which could lead individuals and societies to become more nonviolent and peaceful at all levels and in all contexts?

GOALS:

This course will have five primary goals:

1. To develop as factually comprehensive, theoretically rigorous, and multidisciplinary a survey as possible of the multileveled and multifaceted phenomena of violence including war, and secondarily of nonviolence and peace.

2. To explore various and often competing answers to the pivotal questions posed above as well as to numerous related questions including those which arise in class discussions.

3. To emphasize first hand accounts of the experiences and explanations of those directly involved in violence as perpetrators and as victims.

4. To go beyond theoretical and academic concerns to pragmatic ones including policy implications, possible interventions, and other means for reducing violence including conflict management and resolution.

5. To initially familiarize students with the most important published resources available including key textbooks, anthologies, reference works, journals, and organizations (see Appendices 3-4).

6. To accomplish all of this in a manner which is most educationally stimulating, based on developing an active, participant, collaborative, and dialogical learning community that includes student reports and panels as well as guest lectures and panels by faculty and community professionals and others.

7. To help each student to confidentially analyze their own experience with violence and their potential for violence and for nonviolence.

FORMAT:

The course format will include a variety of approaches to developing an active, participatory, collaborative, and dialogical learning community: lectures, panel discussions, debates, interviews (live, telephone, and television), videos, oral reports, book reviews, practicums, and field trips. Debates on issues will be organized like CNN's Cross-Fire and interviews like Public Television's Lehrer Report.

Multidisciplinary coverage of violence studies will be achieved through the indispensable collaboration of numerous and diverse guests who are experts on various aspects of violence studies. They will include professionals (e.g., social workers, police, doctors) from the community as well as faculty from the home university and other nearby academic institutions. In addition, as a learning community, students will contribute reports on various aspects of the subject to complement the expertise of the instructor and guests. Some faculty may serve as informal advisors for students working on reports in their topic or area of expertise. A special pedagogical technique will be to have students (individually, in pairs or groups depending on class size) do library research on a particular type of violence of their choice and then interview in class a faculty member or professional from the community who is a specialist in that type. (In contrast to a guest lecture, this does not require previous preparation by the guest so they are more likely to be willing to participate, and this emphasizes active, participatory, collaborative, and dialogical community learning).

Violence is a very serious problem, and accordingly, students should be prepared to do some very serious reading, thinking, discussing, and debating.

As feasible, fieldtrips will be taken in the vicinity of the university to visit war and peace memorials and other sites relevant to violence studies. Hawaii (e.g., Pearl Harbor with the battleships Arizona and Missouri) and Washington, D.C. (e.g., Vietnam War Memorial and Holocaust Museum), are especially rich in such sites.

GRADING:

The final course grade will be calculated from student performance in a variety of contexts: random quizzes (20%), mid-term and final take-home essay examinations (40%), student panel discussions (20%), book reviews, research reports, field practicums (20%). Class attendance and participation will also be considered.
The grading scale will be A 100-90, B 89-80, C 79-70, D 69-60, and F 59-0. Extra credit may be accumulated by submitting reaction papers for relevant videos and movies, extra book reviews, a research paper, or a report of a field trip or brief internship.

VIDEOS AND MOVIES:

Because of the enormity of the contents of the subject of violence studies, class time will not be sacrificed for showing videos or films. However, lists of relevant videos and movies are available and students are encouraged to select some for viewing following their individual interests and write one-page reaction papers for extra credit. (See Appendices 5-6).

READING:

Students are required to very carefully and critically read the primary textbooks plus selected book chapters and periodical articles as assigned (see Schedule below). Each student is also required to report in class on one case study or book, or to participate in a panel discussion of a book. The book choice will be negotiated among class members and with the instructor. Other reading will be recommended through occasional citations in class and printed bibliographies as class handouts or on library reserve (see Appendices 3 and 4).

Primary Textbooks

Each student is required to selected at least two books of their choice from the following list to read as scheduled:

Englander, Elizabeth Kandel, 1997, Understanding Violence, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Gilligan, James, 1996, Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic, New York, NY: Vintage Books.

Glossop, Ronald J., 1994, Confronting War: An Examination of Humanity's Most Pressing Problem, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., Inc., Publishers.

Kriesberg, Louis, 1998, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution, Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Nordstrom, Carolyn, and Antonius C.G.M. Robben, eds., 1995, Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Secondary Textbooks (Recommended)

Adler, Leonore Loeb, and Florence L. Denmark, 1995, Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Westport, CT: Praeger.

Gelven, Michael, 1994, War and Existence: A Philosophical Inquiry, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Smith, Dan, 1997, State of War and Peace, New York, NY: Penguin.

Whitmer, Barbara, 1997, The Violence Mythos, Albany, NY: State University of New york Press.

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BRIEF SCHEDULE:

PART I - MULTIDISCIPLINARY FOUNDATIONS OF VIOLENCE STUDIES

1. Orientation: instructor, students, course
2. Violence studies: overview and classification of violence
3. Human nature: violent and/or nonviolent?
4. Multidisciplinary perspectives and theories on violence
5. Topic continued
6. Animal origins of human violence?: ethology and comparative psychology
7. Archaeology and prehistory of violence and war
8. Cultural, historical, political and other factors in violence
9. Formal statements on violence (Seville, Sociology, Valencia)

 

PART II - INDIVIDUAL AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE

10. Suicide and other aspects of self-harm
11. Family violence: child neglect, abuse, and homicide
12. Family violence: spouse neglect, abuse, and homicide
13. Family violence: elderly neglect, abuse, and homicide
14. Sexual violence including rape
15. Homicide (including serial and mass killers)

 

PART III - INTERGROUP AND INSTITUTIONAL VIOLENCE

16. Blood or revenge feuding, ambush, and raiding
17. Violence in the media, entertainment industries, etc.
18. Classroom, school, and campus violence
19. Violence in the workplace, road rage, etc.
20. Street and gang violence
21. Violence and crimes of hate

 

PART IV - STATE VIOLENCE

22. Criminal violence (police including brutality, justice system, prisons)
23. Capital punishment or death penalty
24. Victimhood, survival and recovery
25. Structural (indirect) violence
26. Civil violence (urban riots, etc.)
27. Political and state violence
28. Terrorism

 

PART V - INTERNATIONAL VIOLENCE

29. History of ideas about war and peace
30. Overview of war
31. History of war and peace
32. Geography of war and peace
33. Colonial violence, wars, and "pacification"
34. Ethnic and religious conflict, violence, and wars
35. Genocide and "ethnic cleansing"
Cases: Nazi death camps, Balkans, Burundi-Rwanda
36. Military, militarism, militarization, and militia
37. Civil or "internal" war
38. Low-intensity conflicts and other unconventional wars
39. International and multinational wars
Cases: WWII, Vietnam, Gulf War
40. Nuclear terror, violence, and war
41. Future wars
42. Women, aggression and war
43. Benefits and costs of war
44. War, resources and environment

PART VI - MANAGEMENT AND REDUCTION OF VIOLENCE

45. Military intervention, peacekeeping, and humanitarian assistance
46. Arms control, disarmament, and demilitarization
47. Philosophical, religious, ethical, and moral aspects of war
48. Nonviolence and peace
49. Crisis management and conflict resolution
50. Human rights

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SCHEDULE::

The course schedule is based on a semester of 17 weeks with three 50 minute meetings each week for a total of about 50 class sessions. However, an instructor and/or students can readily choose the topics most relevant for their particular course and build further on the resources listed with the computer disc enclosed. Each topic starts on a separate page and includes a listing of main points, key questions (for research, lectures, study guides, and/or class discussions), required readings (textbook and others), case studies, and further resources (articles and books). Each bibliographic citation is given only once for purposes of economy even though it may fit under more than one topic. Also there is overlap between some topics, but they have been separated to concentrate attention on each.

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PART I - MULTIDISCIPLINARY FOUNDATIONS OF VIOLENCE STUDIES

1. Introduction

2. Orientation: Instructor, Students, Course

MAIN POINTS

1. At one time or another in one way or another as social beings all humans are victims and perpetrators of some kinds of violence. Students and the instructor will critically discuss this proposition as an opening vehicle for sharing their experiences and concerns with violence in their lives, society, and world.
2. They will also discuss the content, organization, objectives, and other aspects of the course syllabus.

QUESTIONS

1. Why do you agree or disagree with this proposition?
2. Have you ever witnessed someone getting badly hurt or even killed, or do you know of anyone who has been in jail for a violent offense?
3. Why devote an entire course to violence studies?
4. Why survey such a breadth and diversity of types of violence rather than concentrating on only one type or a few types?
5. Why are you interested in this course?
6. Are you interested in particular types of violence or aspects of violence studies?

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3. Violence Studies: Overview and Classification of Violence

MAIN POINTS

1. In this course violence is taken to include aggression and war as well as violence which is self-directed, interpersonal, or intergroup.
2. Thus violence covers an extremely broad, diverse, variable, and complex range of phenomena from suicide to global or nuclear war and everything in between.
3. The pros and cons of numerous definitions and classifications of violence will be critically analyzed.
4. It must also be recognized that descriptive, analytical, practical, and normative approaches to violence may differ considerably among groups, cultures, historical periods, and ideologies.

QUESTIONS

1. Why are definitions and classifications necessary?
2. How has violence been defined and classified by individuals of different persuasions and why?
3. How is it related to conflicts, disputes, aggression, and war?
4. Do some definitions and classifications carry a hidden agenda--- ideological, political, social, moral, and/or religious?
5. Why are some more valid and useful than others?
6. Is it possible to be completely neutral and objective in describing and explaining violence?
7. What are the costs and benefits of violence?

REQUIRED READING

TEXTS: Englander Chs. 1, 6; Gilligan Chs. 1-5, 7; Nordstrom and Robben, pp. 1-23.

ARTICLES

Hinde, Robert A., 1997, "The Diversity of Violence," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 9-12.

BOOKS

Archer, John, and Kevin Browne, eds., 1989, Human Aggression: Naturalistic Approaches, New York, NY: Routledge.

Baron, Robert A., and Deborah Richardson, 1994, Human Aggression, New York, NY: Plenum.

Berkowitz, L., 1993, Aggression: Its Causes, Consequences, and Control, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Burton, John, 1997, Violence Explained, Manchester, England: University of Manchester Press.

Fletcher, Jonathan, 1997, Violence and Civilization: An Introduction to the Work of Norbert Elias, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc.

Flannery, Raymond B., 1997, Violence in America: Coping with Drugs, Distressed Families, Inadequate Schooling, and Acts of Hate, New York, NY: Continuum.

Geen, Russell G., 1990, Human Aggression, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Jabri, Vivienne, 1996, Discourses on Violence: Conflict Analysis Reconsidered, Manchester, England: University of Manchester Press.

Reiss, Albert J., Jr., and Jeffrey A. Roth, eds., 1993, Understanding and Preventing Violence, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, Vols. 1-4.

Watson, Lyall, 1995, Dark Nature: A Natural History of Evil, New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.

Weiner, Neil Alan, Margaret A. Zahn, and Rita J. Sagi, eds., 1990, Violence: Patterns, Causes, and Public Policy, New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Weiner, Philip P., and John Fisher, eds., 1974, Violence and Aggression: In the History of Ideas, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Whitmer, Barbara, 1997, The Violence Mythos, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

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4. Human Nature: Violent and/or Nonviolent?

MAIN POINTS

1. Although some may view human nature as an anachronistic concept, it is certainly of historical interest and, furthermore, it persists today among many professionals and lay persons where it strongly influences and may retard their views of violence and war among other things.
2. Moreover, some scholars argue that human nature remains a valid and useful pivotal concept with profound implications and ramifications for Western society and beyond.
3. One's concept of human nature may also strongly influence whether an individual is pessimistic or optimistic about the possibilities of a more nonviolent and peaceful society and world as well as whether one is actively or passively involved in trying to improve situations.

QUESTIONS

1. What is human nature?
2. What is the relationship between nature and nurture?
3. Is human nature a valid and/or useful concept?
4. Is there a single human nature or are there many human natures?
5. Is human nature discovered (essentialism) and/or constructed (postmodernism)?
6. Do non-Western cultures have anything like a concept of human nature?
7. How have ideas about human nature changed through time?
8. How do different disciplines approach human nature?
9. Is human nature prone to violence, aggression, and warfare?
10. Would human nature allow the development of a more nonviolent and peaceful lifestyle, society, and world?
11. Are there better elemental and pivotal concepts than human nature for exploring violence, aggression, and war?

REQUIRED READING

Smith, Steve, 1983, "War and Human Nature," in Politics and Human Nature, Ian Forbes and Steve Smith, eds., New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, pp. 164-179.

CASES

Turnbull, Colin M., 1972, The Mountain People, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

Dentan, Robert Knox, 1968, The Semai: A Nonviolent People of Malaya, New York, NY: New York, NY: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

ARTICLES

Davies, James Chowning. 1995, "Human Nature and Aggression: And Where do We Go from Here?," Research in Biopolitics 3:35-83.

McClelland, J.S., 1996, "The Theory of the Social Contract [Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau]," A History of Western Political Thought, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 171-274.

Moran, Francis III, 1993, "Between Primates and Primitives: Natural Man as the Missing Link in Rousseau's Second Discourse," Journal of the History of Ideas 54(1):37-58.

Sponsel, Leslie E., 1996, "The Natural History of Peace: A Positive View of Human Nature and Its Potential," in A Natural History of Peace, Thomas Gregor, ed., Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 95-125.

BOOKS

Abel, Don C., 1992, Theories of Human Nature, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Barnett, S.A., 1988, Biology and Freedom, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Curti, Merle, 1980, Human Nature in American Thought: A History, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Feibleman, James Kern, 1987, The Destroyers: The Underside of Human Nature, New York, NY: Peter Lang.

Fleming, Thomas, 1988, The Politics of Human Nature, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Kohn, Alfie, 1990, The Brighter Side of Human Nature, New York, NY: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.

Montagu, Ashley, and Floyd Matson, 1983, The Dehumanization of Man, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Stevenson, Leslie, and David L. Haberman, 1998, Ten Theories of Human Nature, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Wilson, Edward O., 1978, On Human Nature, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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5. Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Theories on Violence

MAIN POINTS

1. Violence is such a broad, diverse, variable, complex, technical, and difficult domain that no single science, discipline, theory, or method is adequate to encompass it all.
2. Progress in describing, explaining, and managing violence must rest on a holistic and comparative approach which is simultaneously inter-, multi-, and trans-disciplinary.
3. Accordingly different studies are complementary, the weaknesses of one being complemented by the strengths of another, and vice versa.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the history of ideas about violence in Western civilization?
2. What are the differences and similarities between the different academic disciplines and professional fields in their study of violence?
3. What are the main theories to explain violence?
4. Who are their proponents?
5. What are the contributions and limitations of each?
6. What more is needed toward constructing a synthetic theory of violence?
7. What are the main research methods for the study of violence? 8. What major questions remain unanswered?

REQUIRED READING

TEXTS: Englander Chs. 2-4, Gilligan Ch. 9

Kelly, Harold H., and Greg Schmidt, 1989, "The "Aggressive Male" Syndrome: Its Possible Relevance for International Conflict," in Perspectives on Deterrence, Paul C. Stern, et al., eds., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 251-286.

ARTICLES

Archer, John, 1988, "The History and Aims of Aggression Research," in his The Behavioural Biology of Aggression, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-17.

Baron, Robert A., and Deborah R. Richardson, 1994, "Methods for the Systematic Study of Aggression," in Human Aggression, New York, NY: Plenum Press, pp. 39-85

Benson D. Frank, and Bruce L. Miller, 1997, "Frontal Lobe Mechanisms of Aggression," in From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 35-42.

Berkowitz, Leonard, 1990, "Biological Roots: Are Humans Inherently Violent?," in Psychological Dimensions of War, Betty Glad, ed., Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 24-40.

Blanchard, D. Caroline, and Robert J. Blanchard, 1989, "Experimental Animal Models of Aggression: What Do They Say About Human Behaviour?," in Human Aggression: Naturalistic Approaches, John Archer and Kevin Browne, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 94-121.

Blank, Robert H., 1995, "The Changing Nature of Human Nature," Research in Biopolitics 3:221-241 (genetic intervention)

DiCanio, Margaret, 1993, "Limitations on Behavioral Science Studying Violence," in The Encyclopedia of Violence: Origins, Attitudes Consequences, Margaret DiCanio, eds., New York, NY: Facts on File, pp. 329-335.

Fletcher, John C., 1997, "Ethical Perspectives on Violence," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 105-113.

Gartner, Rosemary, 1997, "Cross-Cultural Aspects of Violence," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 171-180.

Goldstein, Jeffrey H., 1989, "Beliefs about Human Aggression," in Aggression and War: Their Biological and Social Bases, Jo Groebel and Robert A. Hinde, eds., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 10-19.

Gottesman, Irving I., 1997, "Genetics and Human Aggression- Necessarily Modest Proposals," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 79-86.

Grisolia, James Santiago, 1997, "Temporal Lobe Mechanisms and Violence," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 43-52.

Herbert, J., 1989, "The Physiology of Aggression," 1989, in Aggression and War: Their Biological and Social Bases, Jo Groebel and Robert A. Hinde, eds., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 58-71.

Hinde, Robert A., 1990, "Aggression: Integrating Ethology and the Social Sciences," in Violence and Suicidality: Perspectives in Clinical and Psychobiological Research, Herman M. van Praag, Robert Plutchik, and Alan Apter, eds., New York, NY: Brunner-Mazel, Publishers, pp. 66-78.

Hinde, Robert, 1997, "Is War a Consequence of Human Aggression?," in Aggression: Biological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives, Seymour Feshbach and Jolanta Zagrodzka, New York, NY: Plenum Press, pp. 177-183.

Hoffman, John P., Timothy O. Ireland, and Cathy Spatz Widom, 1994, "Traditional Socialization Theories of Violence: A Critical Examination," in Male Violence, John Archer, ed., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 289-309.

Johnston, R.J., J. O'Loughlin, and P.J. Taylor, 1987, "The Geography of Violence and Premature Death: A World-Systems Approach," in The Quest for Peace, Raimo Vayrynen, et al., eds., Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 241-259.

Kando, Tom, 1996, "Postmodernism: Old Wine in New Bottles," International Journal on World Peace XIII(3):3-33.

Kevles, Daniel J., 1997, "Violence and the Genetics of Human Behavior: Historical Reflections," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, ed., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 95-103.

Kiefer, Christie W., 1997, "Militarism and Peace in the Information Age," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 181-188.

Manning, Aubrey, 1989, "The Genetic Bases of Aggression," in Aggression and War: Their Biological and Social Bases, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 48-57.

Murray, Robert F., Jr., 1997, "Genetics and Violence," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 87-94.

Nordstrom, Carolyn, and JoAnn Martin, 1992, "The Culture of Conflict: Field Reality and Theory," in The Paths to Domination, Resistance and Terror, Carolyn Nordstrom and JoAnn Martin, eds., Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 3-17.

Oberschall, Anthony, 1978, "Theories of Social Conflict," American Review of Sociology 4:291-315.

Ovsiew, Fred, and Stuart Yudofsky, 1993, "Aggression: A Neuropsychiatric Perspective," in Rage, Power, and Aggression, Robert A. Glick and Steve P. Roose, eds., New Haven, CT: Yales University Press, pp. 213-234.

Pincus, Jonathan H., 1997, "Violence: The Scientific-Medical Perspective," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 53-58.

Riches, David, 1986, "The Phenomenon of Violence," in The Anthropology of Violence, David Riches, ed., pp. 1-27

Ross, Marc Howard, 1986, "A Cross-Cultural Theory of Political Conflict and Violence," Political Psychology 7:427-469.

Rubenstein, Robert A., 1994, "Collective Violence and Common Security," in Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Tim Ingold, ed., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 983-1009.

Shapiro, Michael J., 1992, "The Obscure Object of Violence: Logistic, Desire, War," Alternatives 17(4):453-477.

Sheard, Michael H., 1987, "Psychopharmacology of Aggression in Humans," in Ethnopharmacology of Agonistic Behaviour in Animals and Humans, B. Olivier, J. Mos, and P.F. Brain, eds., Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp.257-266.

Sluka, Jeffrey A., 1990, "Participant Observation in Violent Social Contexts," Human Organization 49(2):114-126.

Sluka, Jeffrey A., 1992, "The Anthropology of Conflict," in The Paths to Domination, Resistance and Terror, Carolyn Nordstrom and JoAnn Martin, eds., Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 18-36.

Tsytsarev, Sergei, and Charles V. Callahan, 1995, "Motivational Approach to Violent Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Perspective," in Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Leonore Loieb Adler and Florence L. Denmark, eds., Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 3-10.

Turner, Angela K., 1994, "Genetic and Hormonal Influences on Male Violence," in Male Violence, John Archer, ed., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 253-288.

Yudofsky, Stuart C., et al., 1986, "The Overt Aggression Scale for the Objective Rating of Verbal and Physical Aggression," American Journal of Psychiatry 143(1):35-39.

Zur, Ofer, 1987, "The Psychohistory of Warfare: The Co-Evolution of Culture, Psyche, and Enemy," Journal of Peace Research 24(2):125-134.

BOOKS

Campbell, Anne, 1993, Men, Women, and Aggression From Rage in Marriage to Violence in the Streets- How Gender Affects the Way We Act, New York, NY: Basic Books.

Cotta, Sergio, 1985, Why Violence? A Philosophical Interpretation, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.

Burton, John W., 1997, Violence Explained, New York, NY: Manchester University Press.

Feshbach, Seymour, and Jolanta Zagrodzka, eds., 1997, Aggression: Biological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives, New York, NY: Plenum Press.

Kutash, Irwin L., Samuel B. Kutash, and Louis B. Schlersinger, eds., 1978, Violence: Perspectives on Murder and Aggression, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Part I "Theoretical Viewpoints," pp. 7-132.

Mackal, P. Karl, 1979, Psychological Theories of Aggression: A Social Psychologist's Reflections about Aggression, New York, NY: North-Holland Publishing Co.

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6. Animal Origins of Human Violence?: Ethology and Comparative Psychology

MAIN POINTS

1. Publications by students of animal behavior such as Konrad Lorenz have stimulated interest in human aggression in many social and behavioral sciences.
2. It is important to understand both the continuities and the discontinuities between humans and animnals. Humans are animals and a product of organic evolution; however, humans are also essentially unique in their mind, culture, history, and language. Therefore, research on nonhuman animals can provide many valuable insights into human phenomena, but is also limited.
3. Those animals closest to humans phylogenetically are likely to provide the most valuable insights, namely, the common and pygmy species of chimpanzees. The former exhibits more violence, and some observers would say at least the rudiments of warfare, whereas the latter tends to be nonviolent and peaceful.
4. Aggression between members within a species usually relates to competition for limited resources such as food, territory, and mates.
5. Some animal species have also developed mechanisms of conflict resolution, especially primates (monkeys and apes).

QUESTIONS

1. Is animal behavior relevant to human behavior?
2. What animal species are closest to humans?
3. Are they violent and/or nonviolent?
4. Are there any relatively nonviolent and peaceful species or societies of nonhuman animals?
5. Does war or its rudiments exist anywhere in the animal kingdom? 6. What about genocide?
7. What insights into human violence and aggression do comparative studies from ethology and psychology provide?
8. What are their limitations?
9. What explanations of human violence are offered by sociobiologists?
10. Are mechanisms of conflict resolution found among nonhuman
animal species?

REQUIRED READING

de Waal, Frans, 1995, "Bonobo Sex and Society," Scientific American 273(3):82-88.

CASE

Wrangham, Richard, and Dale Peterson, 1996, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. NY: Houghton Mifflin.

ARTICLES

Falger, Vincent S.E., 1989, "The Arnhem Zoo Chimpanzee Project: A Political Scientist's Evaluation," Social Science Information 29(1):33-54.

Kano, Takayoshi, 1990, "The Bonobo's Peaceable Kingdom," Natural History 11:62-71.

Kim, Samuel S., 1976, "The Lorenzian Theory of Aggression and Peace Research: A Critique," Journal of Peace Research 13:253-276.

Silverberg, James, and J. Patrick Gray, 1992, "Violence and Peacefulness as Behavioral Potentialities of Primates," in their Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-36.

Smuts, Barbara, 1989, "Primate Detente," Natural History 4:91-95.

Smuts, Barbara, 1996, "Male Aggression Against Women: An Evolutionary Perspective," in Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives, David M. Buss and Neil M. Malamuth, eds., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 231-268.

Tinbergen, Niko, 1968, "On War and Peace in Animals and Man," Science 160:1411-1418.

de Waal, Frans, 1996, "The Biological Basis of Peaceful Coexistence: A Review of Reconciliation Research on Monkeys and Apes," in A Natural History of Peace, Thomas Gregor, ed., Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 37-70.

Wilson, Margo, and Martin Daly, 1985, "Competitiveness, Risk Taking, and Violence: The Young Male Syndrome," Ethology and Sociobiology 6:59-73.

BOOKS

Archer, John, 1988, The Behavioural Biology of Aggression, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Archer, John, 1994, Male Violence, New York, NY: Routledge.

Buss, David M., and Neil M. Malamuth, eds., 1996, Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Dennen, Johan M.G. van der, and Vincent S.S. Falger, 1990, Sociobiology and Conflict: Evolutionary Perspectives on Competition, Cooperation, Violence and Warfare, New York, NY: Chapman and Hall.

Huntington, Felicity A., and Angela K. Turner, 1987, Animal Conflict, New York, NY: Chapman and Hall.

Karli, Pierre, 1991, Animal and Human Aggression, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Klama, John, 1988, Aggression: Conflict in Animals and Humans Reconsidered, Essex, England: Longman Group.

Lorenz, Konrad, 1966, On Aggression, New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.

Mason, William A., and Sally P. Mendoza, eds., 1993, Primate Social Conflict, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Montagu, Ashley, 1976, The Nature of Human Aggression, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Otten, Charlotte, ed., 1973, Aggression and Evolution. Lexington, MA: Xerox Publishing Co.

Power, Margaret, 1991, The Egalitarians, Human and Chimpanzee: An Anthropological View of Social Organization, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Scott, John Paul, 1975, Aggression, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Shaw, R. Paul, and Yuwa Wong, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: Evolution, Nationalism, and Patriotism, Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman, Inc.

Silverberg, James, and J. Patrick Gray, eds., 1992, Aggressiveness and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Volavka, Jan, 1992, The Neurobiology of Violence, Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.

de Waal, Frans, 1989, Peacemaking Among Primates, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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7. Archaeology, Prehistory, and Evolution of Violence and War

MAIN POINTS

1. The archaeological and palaeontological (fossil skeletal) evidence for violence and war in human prehistory is relatively rare in the Palaeolithic period, but increasingly present in the Mesolithic and especially the Neolithic (agricultural revolution) and beyond in early civilizations (states).
2. However, there can be alternative interpretations of the same evidence by different prehistorians related to their ideological as well as theoretical and methodological postures.
3. Thus, some consider warfare to be ubiquitous or nearly so in prehistory, whereas others consider warfare to be a relatively late development in cultural evolution. This dispute may only be resolved by much more systematic research and evidence on violence and war by prehistorians.
4. In either case, war and the state seem to evolve together in a mutually reinforcing manner, although extensive periods of peace are also known during the prehistory and history of states.
5. Thus, archaeology and prehistory remain contentious on the issue of whether or not human nature is inevitably violent and warlike.

QUESTIONS

1. What kinds of artifactual (material culture) and skeletal evidence have been recovered to document the prehistory and cultural evolution of human violence and war?
2. What insights does the evidence provide?
3. What are the problems and limitations of the evidence, analyses, and interpretations?
4. Does evidence from prehistory confirm that humans are naturally violent and warlike?
5. Does it confirm that war is universal or ubiquitous?

REQUIRED READING

Carman, John, 1997, "Approaches to Violence," in Material Harm: Archaeological Studies of War and Violence, John Carmen, ed., Glasgow, Scotland: Cruithne Press, pp. 1-23.

Carman, John, 1997, "Giving Archaeology a Moral Voice," in Material Harm: Archaeological Studies of War and Violence, John Carmen, ed., Glasgow, Scotland: Cruithne Press, pp. 220-239.

Carneiro, Robert L., 1970, "A Theory of the Origin of the State," Science 469:733-738.

CASE

Keeley, Lawrence H., 1996, War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

ARTICLES

Carneiro, Robert L., 1994, "War and Peace: Alternating Realities in Human History," in Studying War: Anthropological Perspectives, S.P. Reyna and R.E. Downs, eds., Langhorne, PA: Gordon and Breach, pp. 3-27.

Carneiro, Robert L., 1990, "Chiefdom-Level Warfare as Exemplified in Fiji and the Cauca Valley," in The Anthropology of War, Jonathan Haas, ed., pp. 190-211.

Demarest, Arthur A., 1996, "War, Peace, and the Collapse of a Native American Civilization: Lessons for Contemporary Systems of Conflict," in A Natural History of Peace, Thomas Gregor, ed., Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 215-248.

Eckhardt, William, 1992, "Primitive Warfare," in his Civilizations, Empires and Wars: A Quantitative History of War, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., Inc., Publishers, pp. 7-26

Otterbein, Keith F., 1997, "The Origins of War," Critical Review 11(2):251-277.

Vencl, S., 1984, "War and Warfare in Archaeology," Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3:116-132.

BOOKS

Carman, John, 1997, Material Harm: Archaeological Studies of War and Violence. Glasgow, Scotland: Cruithne.

Hassig, Ross, 1992, War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Oakeshott, R. Ewart, 1996, The Archaeology of Weapons, New York, NY: Dover.

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8. Cultural, Historical, Political, and Other Factors in Violence

MAIN POINTS

1. The kinds, frequency, duration, and magnitude of violence vary among individuals within the same group or society as well as among different groups and societies and at different periods in their histories, thus a detailed consideration of the specifics of the context of each particular case is indispensable.
2. Some extremely violent and warlike societies have become relatively nonviolent and peaceful very quickly, and the converse.
3. Different approaches and explanations of violence and war focusing on different factors may be complementary rather than competitive or antithetical.

QUESTIONS

1. Is Western civilization in general, or American culture in particular, more violent and warlike than other cultures?
2. Do Americans value positively violence and war?
3. Are there any systemic biases in scientific studies of violence?
4. Why are single factor explanations of violence inadequate?
5. Do so-called "primitive" and "civilized" cultures differ in their violence and war?
6. Why and how do some violent/warlike cultures become nonviolent/peaceful, and vice versa?
7. What are the pros and cons of materialist versus mentalist explanations of violence?
8. How do postmodernists view violence?

REQUIRED READING: Gilligan Ch. 10

Robarchek, Clayton A., and Carole J. Robarchek, 1992, "Cultures of War and Peace: A Comparative Study of Waorani and Semai," in Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates, James Silverberg and J. Patrick Gray, eds., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 189-213.

CASES

Heider, Karl, 1997, Grand Valley Dani: Peaceful Warriors, New York, NY: Harcourt brace College Publishers.

Robarchek, Clayton, and Carole Robarchek, 1998, Waorani: The Contexts of Violence and War, New York, NY: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

ARTICLES

Ember, Carol R., and Melvin Ember, 1994, "Cross-Cultural Studies of War and Peace: Recent Achievements and Future Possibilities," in Studying War: Anthropological Perspectives, S.P. Reyna and R.E.Downs, eds., Langhorne, PA: Gordon and Breach, pp. 185-208.

Fabbro, David, 1978, "Peaceful Societies: An Introduction," Journal of Peace Research 12:67-84.

Otterbein, Keith F., 1994, "Convergence in the Anthropological Study of Warfare," in his Feuding and Warfare, Langhorne, PA: Gordon and Breach, pp. 133-146.

Otterbein, Keith F., 1997, "The Origins of War," Critical Review 11(2):251-277.

Podolefsky, Aron, 1984, "Contemporary Warfare in the New Guinea Highlands," Ethnology 23:73-87.

Robarchek, Clayton A., and Carole J. Robarchek, 1996, "The Aucas, the Cannibals, and the Missionaries: From Warfare to Peacefulness Among the Waorani," in A Natural History of Peace, Thomas Gregor, ed., Nashville,TN: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 189-212.

Staub, Ervin, 1992, "The Cultural and Psychological Origins of War," in The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence, Ervin Staub, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 249-260.

BOOKS

Beer, Francis A., 1974, How Much War in History: Definitions, Estimates, Extrapolations and Trends, Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.

Otterbein, Keith F., 1989, The Evolution of War, New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files Press.

Turney-High, Harry H., 1949, Primitive War: Its Practices and Concepts, Jefferson, NC: McFarland& Co., Inc., Publishers.

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9. Formal Statements on Violence (Seville Statement on Violence, Sociological Statement on War and Violence, Valencia Statement on Violence, etc.)

MAIN POINTS

1. The Seville Statement on Violence was developed by a multidisciplinary group of 20 international experts at a conference sponsored by UNESCO in 1986 to respond to the supposed misuse of scientific theories and data to justify violence and to popular ideas that violence is a natural and therefore inevitable expression of human nature rooted in evolutionary history and biology.
2. It was felt that such beliefs lead to pessimism and apathy about taking any action to try to create more nonviolent and peaceful lifestyles, societies, and world.
3. The Statement strongly asserted that it is "scientifically incorrect" that: the human species has inherited any tendencies toward violence from its animal ancestors; violence is genetically programmed; there has been a selection for aggressive behavior more than for any other kinds of behavior in human evolution; humans have a violent brain; and war is caused by instinct or any single motivation.
4. The statement has been disseminated extensively in 30 languages and several hundred publications including scientific journals and endorsed by numerous scientific and professional organizations.
5. However, many of the issues and questions addressed by the Statement remain under investigation and debate, and many criticisms have been made about points in the Statement.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the Seville Statement on Violence?
2. Why was it developed?
3. What organizations have endorsed it?
4. What are its merits?
5. What criticisms have been made about it?
6. Why has it been so controversial?
7. What questions remain?
8. What are the alternatives?
9. How do other formal organizational statements on violence and war compare?

REQUIRED READING

Marullo, Sam, and Jen Hlavacek, 1992, "Sociologists on War as a Social Problem," Peace Review 4(3):19-23.

ARTICLES

Adams, David, et al., 1992, "The Seville Statement on Violence," in Peace Review 4(3):???

Adams David, 1997, "War is Not in Our Biology: A Decade of the Seville Statement on Violence," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 251-259.

Beroldi, G., 1994, "Critique of Seville Statement on Violence," American Psychologist 49:847-848.

Fox, Robin, 1994, "Violence, Ideology and Inquisition: Encounter with Seville," in his The Challenge of Anthropology: Old Encounters and New Excursions, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 95-111.

Kriesburg, Louis, 1992, "Sociological Statement on War and Violence," Peace Review 4(3):

Waal, Frans de, 1992, "Aggression as a Well-Integrated Part of Primate Social Relationships: A Critique of the Seville Statement on Violence," in Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates, James Silverberg and J. Patrick Gray, eds., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 37-56.

BOOKS

Grisolia, James S., et al., eds., 1997, Violence: From Biology to Society, New York, NY: Elsevier.

Groebel, Jo, and Robert A. Hinde, 1989, Aggression and War: Their Biological and Social Bases, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

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PART II. - INDIVIDUAL AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE

10. Suicide and Other Aspects of Self-Harm

MAIN POINTS

1. Although initially surprising, in fact individuals can harm or violate themselves in numerous ways from substance abuse to self-mutilation short of suicide.
2. The rates and other characteristics of suicide vary across age, sex, and social classes as well as across cultures, nations, and through history.
3. Although under reported, estimates are that about 30,000 Americans commit suicide annually, compared to about 20,000 homicides: suicide rates are higher among white males and among individuals in prisons and mental hospitals.
4. The rate of youth suicide (age 15-24 years) has more than tippled in recent decades to become the third leading cause of death and to be recognized as a public health problem.
5. There are early warning signs of individuals at risk for suicide and preventive as well as intervention measures have proven successful in many cases, although inadequate data make assessment difficult.
6. Suicide as an individual human right, especially for the terminally ill of sound mind, is a controversial issue of morality and ethics but it is gaining increasing recognition.

QUESTIONS

1. Are some individuals or personalities naturally violent?
2. Why would someone harm themselves in any way, consciously or unconsciously?
3. What are the types and patterns of self-destructive behavior?
4. What is the role of substance abuse (alcohol, drugs, etc.) and psychological disorders such as chronic depression?
5. What are the characteristics and patterns of suicide?
6. How does suicide vary across age and social classes as well as across cultures and nations and through history?
7. What causes teen suicide?
8. Can suicide be prevented?
9. Can suicide be nonviolent?
10. Is suicide an individual right?
11. Should assisted suicide or euthanasia be legal under any circumstances?

REQUIRED READING

TEXT: Englander Ch. 7

Farberow, Norman L., 1980, "Indirect Self-Destructive Behavior: Classification and Characteristics," in The Many Faces of Suicide: Indirect Self-Destructive Behavior, Norman L. Farberow, ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, pp. 15-27.

ARTICLES

Fairbairn, Gavin J., 1995, "Where Do Our Views of Suicide Come From?," in Contemplating Suicide: The Language and ethics of Self-Harm, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 27-37.

Fino, Susan P., John M. Strate, and Marvin Zalman, 1997, "Paging Dr. Death: The Political Theater of Assisted Suicide in Michigan," Politics and the Life Sciences 16(1):87-103.

Lester, David, 1990, "The Prevention of Suicide: Public Health Approaches," in his Current Concepts of Suicide, Philadelphia, PA: The Charles Press Publishers, pp. 182-193.

Lester, David, 1992, "Sociological Theories of Suicide," in his Why People Kill Themselves: A 1990s Summary of Research Findings on Suicidal Behavior, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, ed., pp. 74-84.

Lester, David, 1992, "Psychological Theories of Suicide," in his Why People Kill Themselves: A 1990s Summary of Research Findings on Suicidal Behavior, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, pp. 418-434.

Pamer, Stuart, 1965, "Murder and Suicide in Forty Non-Literate Societies," Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 56:320-324.

Rosenberg, M.L., et al., 1987, "The Emergence of Youth Suicide: An Epidemiologic Analysis and Public Health Perspective," Annual Review of Public Health 8:417-440.

Taylor, Stuart P., 1997, "Alcohol, Drugs, and Aggression," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds.,New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 141-147.

BOOKS

Batlin, Margaret Pabst, 1995, Ethical Issues in Suicide, Englewood CLiffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Beauchamp, Tom L., ed., 1996, Intending Death: The Ethics of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Clark, Ronald V., 1989, and David Lester, 1989, Suicide: Closing the Exits, New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

Cosculluela, Victor, 1995, The Ethics of Suicide, New York, NY: Garland Publishing, Inc.

Donnelly, John, 1998, Suicide: Right or Wrong?, Amherst, NY: Prometheous Books.

Durkheim, Emile, 1979 (1897), Suicide: A Study in Sociology, New York, NY: Free Press.

Fairbairn, Gavin J., 1995, Contemplating Suicide: The Language and Ethics of Self-Harm, New York, NY: Routledge.

Favazza, Armando, 1992, Bodies Under Siege: Self-Mutilation in Culture and Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Headley, Lee A., and Norman L. Farberow, eds., 1983, Suicide in Asia and the Near East, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Hendin, Herbert, 1995, Suicide in America, New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

Hicks, Barbara Barrett, 1990, Youth Suicide: A Comprehensive Manual for Prevention and Intervention, Bloomington, IN: National Educational Service.

Lester, David, ed., 1990, Current Concepts of Suicide, Philadelphia, PA: The Charles Press Publishers.

Lester, David, 1992, Why People Kill Themselves: A 1990s Summary of Research Findings on Suicidal Behavior, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Lester, David, 1994, Patterns of Suicide and Homicide in America, New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers.

Lester, David, 1996, Patterns of Suicide and Homicide in the World, New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Lester, David, 1997, Making Sense of Suicide: An In-Depth Look at Why People Kill Themselves, Philadelphia, PA: The Charles Press Publishers.

Maris, Ronald W., Morton M. Silverman, and Silvia Sara Canetto, eds., 1997, Review of Suicidology, 1997, New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Menninger, Karl, 1938, Man Against Himself,

Peters, Ray DeV., Robert J. McMahon, and Vernon L. Quinsey, eds., 1992, Aggression and Violence Throughout the Life Span, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Rickgarn, Ralph L.V., 1994, Perspectives on College Student Suicide, Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.

Schneidman, Edwin S., ed., 1967, Essays in Self-Destruction, New York, NY: Jason Aronson, Inc.

Stoff, David M., and J John Mann, eds., 1997, The Neurobiology of Suicide: From the Bench to the Clinic, New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.

11. Family Violence: Child Neglect, Abuse, and Homicide

MAIN POINTS

1. There has been a rapid increase in public awareness of child abuse (physical, sexual, and psychological or emotional) and neglect in the last decade, and family violence has been considered as terrorism in the home.
2. Here we explore various forms of violence against children in the home, and also various form of violence committed by children including juveniles.
3. Both directions of violence appear to be sharply increasing in recent years in several countries, but most of all in the USA, according to clinical samples, official statistics, and social surveys.
4. Violence among juveniles (age 14-17 years) has increased most dramatically in the past decade, particularly in terms of homicide which is the leading cause of fatal injuries after vehicle accidents.
5. Factors influencing child violence include biological, psychological, economic, cultural, and social (familial, peer, neighborhood, media).
6. Violence in the family of orientation of parents may carry over into their own family of procreation ("intergenerational hypothesis"- abuse in childhood to abuse in parenthood).
7. Parricide (killing of parents or close relatives by children) has often related to the child who is abused, mentally ill, or antisocial to a severe degree.
8. Among proposed preventative measures which have been suggested are: reducing social isolation of the family by incorporating families into a network of kin and community; reducing violence-provoking stress (e.g., poverty and inequality); developing a negative value on violence and a positive value on nonviolence; teaching nonviolent conflict resolution techniques and skills; and
reducing sexism through education.

QUESTIONS

1. What is family or domestic violence?
2. Is its incidence and seriousness exaggerated?
3. Who are the perpetrators and the victims?
4. Is it more prevalent in lower socioeconomic classes, particular "races" or ethnic groups, or certain countries?
5. Who and/or what is responsible for family violence?
6. What is the relationship between physical punishment of a children by parents and subsequent aggression by the latter?
7. How can family violence be reduced or even prevented?
8. What are the roles of relatives, community, church, health care system, and legal system?
9. Why does child abuse and neglect occur?
10. Why do some parents kill their children?
11. Why do some children kill their parents or siblings?

REQUIRED READING

TEXT: Englander Ch. 11

Buchanan, Ann, 1996, "Cycles of Child Maltreatment: Facts and Fallacies," in her Cycles of Child Maltreatment: Facts, Fallacies, and Interventions, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 16-35.

Loeber, Rolf, and Dale Hay, 1997, "Key Issues in the Development of Aggression and Violence from Childhood to Early Adulthood," Annual Review of Psychology 48:371-410.

ARTICLES

Ammerman, Robert T., and Michael Hersen, 1990, "Issues in the Assessment and Treatment of Family Violence," in Treatment of Family Violence: A Sourcebook, Robert T. Ammerman and Michel Hersen, eds., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 3-14.

Ashe, Marie, and Naomi R. Cahn, 1994, "Child Abuse: A Problem for Feminist Theory," in The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman and Roxanne Mykitiuk, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 166-194.

Browne, Kevin, 1988, "The Nature of Child Abuse and Neglect: An Overview," in Early Prediction and Prevention of Child Abuse, Kevin Browne, Cliff Davies, and Peter Stratton, eds., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Cazenave, Noel A., and Murray A. Straus, 1995, "Race, Class, Network Embeddedness, and Family Violence: A Search for Potent Support Systems," in Physical Violence in American Families, Murray A. Straus and Richard J. Gelles, eds., New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 321-340.

Chisholm, June F., 1995, "Violent Youth: Reflections on Contemporary Child-rearing Practices in the United States as an Antecedent Cause," in Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Leonore Loeb Adler and Florence L. Denkar, eds., Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 47-60.

Crimmius, Susan, et al., 1997, "Convicted Women Who Have Killed Children: A Self-Psychology Perspective," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 12(1):49-69.

Daro, Drborah, and Richard J. Gelles, 1992, "Public Attitudes and Behaviors with Respect to Child Abuse Prevention," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 7(4):517-531.

DiCanio, Margaret, 1993, "Rage," in her The Encyclopedia of Violence, New York, NY: Facts on File, pp. 209-211.

Draucker, Claire Burke, 1995, "A Coping Model for Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10(2):159-175.

Gelles, Richard J., 1989, "Child Abuse- An Overview," in The Encyclopedia of Child Abuse, Robin E. Clark and Judith Freeman Clark, eds., New York, NY: Facts on File, pp. xiii-xxix.

Gelles, Richard, 1985, "Family Violence," American Review of Sociology 11:347-367.

Heide, Kathleen M., 1992, "The Phenomenon of Parricide," in her Why Kids Kill Parents: Child Abuse and Adolescent Homicide, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, pp. 3-18.

Heide, Kathleen M., 1993, "Parents Who Get Killed and the Children Who Kill Them," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 8(4):531-544.

Herman, Jack L., et al., 1995, "Trauma in Children's Lives: Issues and Treatment," in Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Leonore Loeb Adler and Florence L. Denmark, eds., Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 61-84.

Howells, Kevin, 1989, "Anger-Management Methods in Relation to the Prevention of Violent Behaviour," in Human Aggression: Naturalistic Approaches, John Archer and Kevin Browne, ed., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 153-181.

Jones, Linda E., 1991, "The Minnesota School Curriculum Project: A Statewide Domestic Violence Prevention Project in Secondary Schools," in Dating Violence: Young Women in Danger, Barrie Levy, ed., Seattle, WA: The Seal Press, pp. 258-266.

Kent, Cheryl Carey, 1991, "Ritual Abuse," in Case Studies in Family Violence, Robert T. Ammerman and Michel Hersen, eds., New York, NY: Plenum Press, pp. 187-208.

Knutson, John F., Helen A. Schartz, and Lisa Y. Zaidi, 1991, "Victim Risk Factors in the Physical Abuse of Children," in Targets of Violence and Aggression, Ronald Baenninger, ed., New York, NY: North-Holland, pp. 103-158.

Kunz, Jenifer, and Stephen J. Bahr, 1996, "A Profile of Parental Homicide Against Children," Journal of Family Violence 11(4):347-362.

Levy, Barrie, and Kerry Lobel, 1991, "Lesbian Teens in Abusive Relationships," in Dating Violence: Young Women in Danger, Barrie Levy, ed., Seattle, WA: The Seal Press, pp. 203-208.

Levy, Howard B., Stephen H. Sheldon, and John R. Conte, 1989, "Special Intervention Programs for Child Victims of Violence," in Family Violence: Emerging Issues of a National Crisis, Leah J. Dickstein and Carol C. Nadelson, eds., Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., pp. 179-212.

Lystad, Mary, 1989, "Community Prevention Programs in Family Violence," in Family Violence: Emerging Issues of a National Crisis, Leah J. Dickstein and Carol C. Nadelson, eds., Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., pp. 213-228.

Marcus, Isabel, 1994, "Reframing "Domestic Violence": Terrorism in the Home," in The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman and Roxanne Mykitiuk, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 11-35.

Meyer, Dan, 1995, "Incest: The Most Personal Violence," in Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Leonore Loeb Adler and Fl;orence L. Denmark, eds., Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 85-100.

Newhill, Christina E., 1991, "Parricide," Journal of Family Violence 6(4):375-394.

O'Donoghue, Joseph, 1995, "Juvenile Violence and the Death Penalty," in Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Leonore Loeb Adler and Florence L. Denmark, eds., Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 109-120.

Parson, Erwin Randolph, 1997, "Posttraumatic Child Therapy (P-TCT) Assessment and Treatment Factors in Clinical Work with Inner-City Children Exposed to Catastrophic Community Violence," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 12(2):172-194.

Rosenberg, Mindy S., and Ronita S. Giberson, 1991, "The Child Witness of Family Violence," in Case Studies in Family Violence, Robert T. Ammerman and Michel Hersen, eds., New York, NY: Plenum Press, pp. 231-254.

Snow, Barbara, and Teena Sorensen, 1990, "Ritualistic Child Abuse in a Neighborhood Setting," Journal of Interpersonal; Violence 5(4):474-487.

Wason-Ellam, Linda, 1997, "Video Games: Playing on a Violent Playground," in Systemic Violence in Education, Juanita Ross Epp and Ailsa M. Watkinson, eds., Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 72-93.

Wiehe, Vernon R., 1990, "Religious Influence on Parental Attitudes Toward the Use of Corporal Punishment," Journal of Family Violence 5(2):173-186.

BOOKS

Ammerman, Robert T., and Michel Hersen, eds., 1990, Treatment of Family Violence: A Sourcebook, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Ammerman, Robert T., and Michel Hersen, eds., 1991, Case Studies in Family Violence, New York, NY: Plenum Press.

Barnett, Ola W., et al., 1997, Family Violence Across the Life Span: An Introduction, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Blackman, Julie, 1989, Intimate Violence: A Study of Injustice, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Bray, Madge, 1991, Sexual Abuse- The Child's Voice: Poppies on the Rubbish Heap, Bristol, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Browne, Kevin, and Martin Herbert, 1997, Preventing Family Violence, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

Buchanan, Ann, 1996, Cycles of Child Maltreatment: Facts, Fallacies, and Intervention, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

Burgess, Ann Wolbert, ed., 1992, Child Trauma- Issues and Research, New York, NY: Garland Publishing, Inc.

Elliott, Michelle, 1993, Female Sexual Abuse of Children, New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Eron, L.D., J.H. Gentry, and P. Schlegel, eds., 1994, Reason to hope: A Psychosocial Perspective on Violence and Youth, Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Ewing, Charles P., 1990, When Children Kill: The Dynamics of Juvenile Homicide, New York, NY: Free Press.

Ewing, Charles Patrick, 1997, Fatal Families: The Dynamics of Intrafamilial Homicide, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Ferris, Craig F., and Thomas Grisso, eds., 1996, Understanding Aggressive Behavior in Children, New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.

Hausfater, G., and S. Blaffer Hardy, eds., 1984, Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspective, New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

Huckabee, Mike, George Grant, 1998, Kids Who Kill: Confronting Our Culture of Violence, Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman.

Janko, Susan, 1994, Vulnerable Children, Vulnerable Families: The Social Construction of Child Abuse, New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

Kohl, Marvin, ed., 1978, Infanticide and the Value of Life, Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

National Research Council, 1993, Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect, Washington, D.C.: National Research Council.

Potter-Efron, R., 1994, Angry All the Time: An Emergency Guide to Anger Control, Oakland, CA: Harbinger Publications.

Ruscovsky, Arnaldo, 1995, Felicide, Northvale, NJ: Aronson.

Warner, Carmen Germaine, 1981, Conflict Intervention in Social and Domestic Violence, Bowie, MD: Robert J. Brady Co.

Wilczynski, Ania, 1997, Child Homicide, Lodnon, England: Greenwich Medical Media, Ltd.

Willis, Diane J., E. Wayne Holden, and Mindy Rosenberg, 1992, Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Developmental and Ecological Perspectives, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

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12. Family Violence: Spouse Neglect, Abuse, and Homicide

MAIN POINTS

1. Once viewed as rare and confined to mentally ill offenders, since the 1960s violence in the home has increasingly captured the attention of society and scientists as a major public health problem and sociopolitical issue in the USA and beyond.
2. Family and domestic violence are a variety of terrorism, only in the context of the home, but a marriage license is not for hitting let alone murder.
3. Various theories advanced by social and behavioral scientists to explain family violence include resource, systems, ecological, exchange, patriarchy, sociobiology, economic, and sociocultural theories.
4. The cause of the prevention of domestic violence has been advanced to some degree through educational programs in schools such as in the statewide Minnesota School Curriculum Project in which teachers in the regular classroom curriculum teach students about domestic violence and skills to avoid abusive situations as either perpetrator or victim.
5. For perpetrators of domestic and other kinds of violence, anger-management techniques and skills derived from psychological research in clinical therapy are one intervention which has proven successful at reducing or even eliminating domestic violence in many cases.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between private and public violence?
2. What is the character and extent (incidence and prevalence) of family violence including sexual abuse, marital rape, battering, and murder?
3. Does the character and extent of violence vary with different types of families (e.g., nuclear or extended, single parent, step parent, gay or lesbian)?
4. Are there any typical profiles which characterize the perpetrators, victims, and contexts of family violence?
5. What are the short-term and long-term physical, psychological, and social symptoms of victims of family violence?
6. How do different sectors of society vary in their social construction and moral evaluation of family violence?
7. What are the various theories that social scientists have advanced to explain family violence and what are the pros and cons of each?
8. How are gender roles in society involved in family violence?
9. What factors determine whether a wife remains or leaves an abusive husband?
10. Is the battered woman syndrome a legitimate defense for the murder of a husband?
11. Why is family violence a socipolitical and feminist issue, public health problem, and policy concern?

REQUIRED READING

TEXT: Englander Ch. 10

Howells, Kevin, 1989, "Anger-Management Methods in Relation to the Prevention of Violent Behaviour," in Human Aggression: Naturalistic Approaches, John Archer and Kevin Browne, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 153-81.

Jones, Linda E., 1991, "The Minnesota School Curriculum Project: A Statewide Domestic Violence Prevention Project in Secondary Schools," in Dating Violence: Young Women in Danger, Barrie Levy, ed., Minneapolis, MN: The Seal Press, pp. 258-266.

ARTICLES

Alexander, Renata, 1993, "Wife-Beating: An Australian Perspective," Journal of Family Violence 8(3):229-251.

Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies special issue "On Violence" 1996, 8(2):1-173.

Edelson, Jeffrey L., 1990, "Judging the Success of Intervention with Men Who Batter," in Family Violence: Research and Public Policy Issues, Douglas J. Besharov, ed., Washington, D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute, pp. 130-145.

Ferraro, Kathleen J., 1996, "The Dance of Dependency: A Genealogy of Domestic Violence Discourse," Hypatia 11(4):77-91.

Follingstad, Diane R., et al., 1991, "Identification of Patterns of Wife Abuse," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6(2):187-204.

Gelles, Richard J., 1995, "Methodological Issues in the Study of Family Violence," in Physical Violence in American Families, Murray A. Straus and Richard J. Gelles, eds., New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 17-28.

Gelles, Richard J., and Murray A. Straus, 1995, "The Medical and Psychological Costs of Family Violence," in Physical Violence in American Families, Murray A. Straus and Richard J. Gelles, eds., New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 425-430.

Gender and Society, 1989, 3(4), special issue "Violence Against Women."

Gershenson, Charles P., 1990, "Alternative Analytical Paradigms for Conducting Policy-Oriented Research," in Family Violence: Research and Public Policy Issues, Douglas J. Besharov, ed., Washington, D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute, pp. 82-92.

Harris, Mary B., 1992, "Sex and Ethnic Differences in Past Aggressive Behaviors," Journal of Family Violence 7(2):85-102.

Heberle, Renee, 1996, "Destructive Strategies and the Movement Against Sexual Violence," Hypatia 11(4):63-76.

Hyde, Janet Shibley, 1996, "Where Are the Gender Differences? Where Are the Gender Similarities?," in Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives, David M. Buss and Neil M. Malamuth, eds., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 107-118.

Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, special issue on "Women and Violence," 1996, 11(4):1-147.

Jain, Ranjana S., 1992, "Familial Violence in India: The Dynamics of Victimization," in Critical Issues in Victimology: International Perspectives, Emilio C. Viano, ed., New York, NY: Springer Verlag, pp. 80-86.

Kurz, Demie, 19??, "Social Science Perspectives on Wife Abuse: Current Debates and Future Directions," in Violence Against Women: The Bloody Footprints, Pauline B. Bart and Eileen Geil Moran, eds., Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 252-269.

Lee, Robert S., 1995, "Machismo Values and Violence in America: An Empirical Study," in Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Leonore Loeb Adler and Florence L. Denmark, eds., Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 11-32.

Krausss, Herbert H., and Beatrice J. Krauss, 1995, "Domestic Violence and Its Prevention," in Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Leonore Loeb Adler and Florence L. Denmark, eds., Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 129-144.

Lloyd, Sally A., 1990, "Conflict Types and Strategies in Violent Marriages," Journal of Family Violence 5(4):269-284.

Mancuso, Peter J., Jr., 1989, "Domestic Violence and the Police: Theory, Policy, and Practice," in Family Violence: Emerging Issues of a National Crisis, Leah J. Dickstein and Carol C. Nadelson, eds., Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., pp. 125-141.

Marshall, Linda L., 1992, "Development of the Severity of Violence Against Women Scales," Journal of Family Violence 7(2):103-121.

Marshall, Linda L., 1992, "The Severity of Violence Against Men Scales," Journal of Family Violence 7(3):189-203.

Nadelson, Carol C., and Maria Sauzier, 1989, "Intervention Programs for Individual Victims and Their Families," in Family Violence: Emerging Issues of a National Crisis, Leah J. Dickstein and Carol C. Nadelson, eds., Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., pp. 155-178.

Norton, Ilena M., and Spero M. Manson, 1995, "A Silent Minority: Battered American Indian Women," Journal of Family Violence 10(3):307-318.

Paul, Luci, and MaryAnn Baenninger, 1991, "Aggression by Women: Mores, Myths, and Methods," in Targets of Violence and Aggression, Ronald Baenninger, ed., Targets of Violence and Aggression, New York, NY: North-Holland, pp. 401-442.

Peled, Einat, and Jeffrey L. Edelson, 1994, "Advocacy for Battered Women: A National Survey," Journal of Family Violence 9(3):285-296.

Petrie, Carol, and Joel Garner, 1990, "Is Violence Preventable?," in Family Violence: Research and Public Policy Issues, Douglas J. Besharov, ed., Washington, D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute, pp. 164-184.

Roberts, Albert R., 1996, "Battered Women Who Kill: A Comparable Study of Incarcerated Participants with a Community Sample of Battered Women," Journal of Family Violence 11(3):291-304.

Russo, Nancy Felipe, Mary P. Koss, and Lisa Goodman, 1995, "Male Violence Against Women: A Global Health and Development Issue, in Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Leonore Loeb Adler and Florence L. Denmark, eds., Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 121-128.

Schwartz, Martin D., and Christine L. Mattley, 1993, "The Battered Woman Scale and Gender Identities," Journal of Family Violence 8(3):277-287.

Sirles, Elizabeth, Eve Lipchik, and Kate Kowalski, 1993, "A Consumer's Perspective on Domestic Violence Interventions," Journal Family Violence 8(3):267-276.

Stout, Karen D., 1991, "Intimate Femicide: A National Demographic Overview," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6(4):476-485.

Sullivan, Chris M., 1991, "The Provision of Advocacy Services for Women Leaving Abusive Partners," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6(1):41-54.

Ting-Toomey, Stella, et al., 1991, "Culture, Face Maintenance, and Styles of Handling Interpersonal Conflict: A Study of Five Cultures," International Journal of Conflict Management 2(4):275-296.

Tolman, Richard D., and Larry W. Bennett, 1990, "A Review of Quantitative Research on Men Who Batter," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5(1):87-118.

Veenstra, Glenn T., and Cynthia G. Scott, 1993, "A Model for Using Time Out as an Intervention Technique with Families," Journal of Family Violence 8(1):71-87.

Williams-White, Deborah, 1989, "Self-Help and Advocacy: An Alternative Approach to Helping Battered Women," in Family Violence: Emerging Issues of a National Crisis, Leah J. Dickstein and Carol C. Nadelson, eds., Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., pp. 45-60.

Wilson, Margo, Martin Daly, and Antonietta Daniele, 1995, "Familicide: The Killing of Spouse and Children," Aggressive Behavior 21(4):275-291.

Yllo, Kersti A., and Murray A. Straus, 1995, "Patriarchy and Violence against Wives: The Impact of Structural and Normative Factors," in Physical Violence in American Families, Murray A. Straus and Richard J. Gelles, eds., New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 383-402.

BOOKS

Beskarov, Douglas J., ed., 1990, Family Violence: Research and Public Policy Issues, Washington, D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute.

Brown, Lou, Francois Dubau, and Merritt McKeon, 1997, Stop Domestic Violence: An Action Plan for Saving Lives, New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin.

Campbell, Jacquelyn C., 1995, Assessing Dangerousness: Violence by Sexual Offenders, Batterers, and Child Abusers, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Crawley, John, 1992, Constructive Conflict Management: Managing to Make a Difference, London, UK: Nicholas Brealey.

Davis, Richard L., 1998, Domestic Violence: Facts and Fallacies, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Dobash, R.E., and R. Dobash, 1979, Violence Against Wives, New York, NY: Free Press.

Donohue, William, and Robert Kolt, 1992, Managing Interpersonal Conflict, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Ewing, Charles Patrick, 1997, Fatal Families: The Dynamics of Intrafamilial Homicide, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Felder, Raoul, and Barbara Victor, 1996, Getting Away with Murder: Weapons for the War Against Domestic Violence, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

Gordon, Linda, 1988, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Poston 1880-1960, New York, NY: Viking.

Horsfall, Jan, 1991, The Presence of the Past: Male Violence in the Family, North Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

Javier, Rafael Art, and Willam G. Herron, 1996, Domestic Violence: Assessment and Treatment, Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

McBride, James, 1995, War, Battering and Other Sports: The Gulf Between American Men and Women, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Ohlin, Lloyd, and Michael Tonry, 1989, Family Violence, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Richters, J.M. Annemiek, 1994, Women, Culture and Violence: A Development, Health and Human Rights Issue, Leiden, The Netherlands: Leiden University Women and Autonomy Centre.

Schmidt, K. Louise, 1995, Transforming Abuse: Nonviolent Resistance and Recovery, Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers.

Swisher, Karin L., Carol Wekesser, and William Barbour, eds., 1994, Violence Against Women, San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc.

Viano, E.C., ed., 1992, Intimate Violence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.

Yllo, K., and M. Bogard, eds., 1988, Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

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13. Family Violence: Elderly Neglect, Abuse, and Homicide

MAIN POINTS

1. The least recognized and researched aspect of family violence may be abuse, neglect, and violence against the elderly (age 60 years and older) by family members, friends, neighbors, care givers, and in some respects even society.
2. As longevity is prolonged and the percentage of older people in the population of the USA and other countries increases this problem will grow in incidence and in recognition.
3. Factors which may contribute to maltreatment of the elderly include family dynamics (e.g., violence as a normative behavior learned in the family), vulnerability through impairment and dependence, personality traits of the perpetrator, filial crisis (unresolved adolescent rebellion), internal and external stresses
(e.g., alcoholism, poverty, unemployment), and negative attitudes toward the elderly.
4. A cross-cultural perspective on attitudes toward and treatment of the elderly provides revealing insights and alternative models.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the character and extent of abuse, neglect, and violence against the elderly?
2. How does this vary with class, "race," ethnicity, country, and history?
3. What causal factors are involved?
4. What preventative, intervention, and policy measures may be pursued?
5. What are the moral, ethical, legal, public health, and social work implications of violence against the elderly?

REQUIRED READING

Hudson, J. Edward, 1988, "Elder Abuse: An Overview," in Abuse of the Elderly: Issues and Annotated Bibliography, Benjamin Schlesinger and Rachel Schlesinger, eds., Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, pp. 12-31.

ARTICLES

Beassley, Michele E., and Dorothy Q. Thomas, 1994, "Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue," in The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse, Martha Albertson Fineman and Roxanne Mykitiuk, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 323-348.

Glascock, Anthony P., 1984, "Decrepitude and Death-Hastening: The Nature of Old Age in Third World Societies," Studies in Third World Societies 22:43-67.

Hornick, Joseph P., Lynn McDonald, and Gerald B. Robertson, 1992, "Elder Abuse in Canada and the United States: Prevalence, Legal, and Service Issues," in Aggression and Violence Throughout the Life Span, Ray DeV. Peters, Robert J. McMahon, and Vernon L. Quinsey, eds., Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 301-336.

Nadien, Margot B., 1995, "Elder Violence (Maltreatment) in Domestic Settings: Some Theory and Research," in Violence and the Prevention of Violence, Leonore Loeb Adler and Florence L. Denmark, eds., Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 177-190.

(also see journals on geriatrics, gerontology, family, and social work)

BOOKS

Bennett, Gerald, and Paul Kingston, 1994, Elder Abuse: Concepts, Theories and Interviews, New York, NY: Chapman and Hall.

Decalmer, P., and F. Glendenning, 1993, The Mistreatment of Elderly, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kosberg, J.I., ed., 1983, Abuse and Maltreatment of the Elderly: Causes and Interventions, Boston, MA: John Wright.

Pritchard, Jacki, 1988, The Abuse of Older People: A Training Manual for Detection and Prevention, Bristol, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Quinn, Mary Joy, and Susan K. Tomita, 1997, Elder Abuse and Neglect: Causes, Diagnosis, and Intervention Strategies, New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.

Schlesinger, Benjamin, and Rachel Shlesinger, eds., 1988, Abuse of the Elderly: Issues and Annotated Bibliography, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

 

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14. Sexual Violence Including Rape

MAIN POINTS

1. Gender biased violence and crimes are directed mainly against women: in the USA some woman is beaten by her husband or boyfriend every 15 seconds (3-4 million/year) while some woman is forcibly raped every six minutes; three out of every four women will be the victim of at least one violent crime during their lifetime; the rates of violent crimes against women are higher in the USA and increasing markedly.
2. Rape is violent by definition, eroticized violence, and a crime of power with sex as the weapon. The majority of rapists and their victims are young (teenage to early twenties) and more likely to be white and low income, although the rapes of black females are disproportionate to their numbers; however, statistics are problematic because probably fewer than 10% of all rapes are reported.
3. This social and gender pattern of violence reflects differences in physical size and strength as well as social status, males being more prone to violence than females, machismo, patriarchy, misogyny, and other factors.
4. During this century and especially in more recent decades American society has become much more open and critical in recognizing sexual harassment, wife abuse, rape, and other violence against women as major problems requiring more effective preventive, intervention, and legal measures.
5. This reflects changes in the woman's economic and political roles in society, increased media and government attention, advances in the human rights and women's movements as well as the legal system, feminism, etc.
6. From the Crusades to the Balkans rape has often been associated with warfare as an expression of power, intimidation, and humiliation of the enemy, and frequently male relatives of the victim are forced to watch.

QUESTIONS

1. What causes male violence against women?
2. Is sexual harassment a form of violence?
3. Is sexual harassment really a serious problem?
4. What causes sexual harassment?
5. What causes sexual abuse of children?
6. What causes rape?
7. Do gender inequality, pornography, social disorganization, and the American ethos of violence, competition, and dominance contribute to male sexual violence against women?
8. How widespread is rape, is it an epidemic?
9. How does rape vary cross-culturally and cross-nationally?
10. How can violence against women be reduced?
11. Are individuals and/or society responsible for violence against women?
12. Are individuals and/or society responsible for
sexual abuse of children?

REQUIRED READING

TEXT: Englander Ch. 9; Nordstrom and Robben pp. 155-184.

Pollard, Paul, 1994, "Sexual Violence Against Women: Characteristics of Typical Perpetrators," in Male Violence, John Archer, ed., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 170-194.

CASES

Dowdeswell, Jane, 1986, Women on Rape, Wellingborough, NY: Thorsons Publishing Group.

Richters, J.M. Annemiek, 1994, Women, Culture and Violence: A Development, Health and Human Rights Issue. Leiden, The Netherlands: Leiden University Women and Autonomy Centre.

Vogelman, Lloyd, 1990, The Sexual Face of Violence: Rapists on Rape, Johannesburg, S. Africa: Ravan Press, Ltd.

ARTICLES

Belkin, David S., et al., 1994, "Psychopathology and History of Sexual Abuse," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9(4):535-547.

Ben-David, Sarah, 1993, "The Two Facets of Female Violence: The Public and the Domestic Domains," Journal of Family Violence 8(4):345-359.

Bohner, Gerd, and Norbert Schwartz, 1996, "The Threat of Rape: Its Psychological Impact on Nonvictimized Women," in Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives, David M. Buss and Neil M. Malamuth, eds., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 162-177.

Ehrhart, Julie, and Bernice Sandler, 1985, "Campus Gang Rape: Party Games?," Association of American Colleges, Washington, D.C.

Gamache, Denise, 1991, "Domination and Control: The Social Context of Dating Violence," in Dating Violence: Young Women in Danger, Barrie Levy, ed., Seattle, WA: The Seal press, pp. 69-83.

Hayashino, Diane S., Sand K. Wurtele, and Kelli J. Klebe, 1995, "Child Molesters: An Examination of Cognitive Factors," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 19(1):106-116.

Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1993, 8(2), special issue "Rape."

Otterbein, Keith F., 1979, "A Cross-Cultural Study of Rape," Aggressive Behavior 5:425-435.

Palmer, Craig, 1989, "Is Rape a Cultural Universal? A Re-Examination of the Ethnographic Data," Ethnology 28:1-16.

Pollard, Paul, 1994, "Sexual Violence Against Women: Characteristics of Typical Perpetrators," in Male Violence, John Archer, ed., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 170-195.

Sanday, Peggy R., 1981, "The Socio-Cultural Context of Rape: A Cross-Cultural Study," Journal of Social Issues 37:5-27.

Tang, Catherine So-Kum, et al., 1995, "How Do Chinese College Students Define Sexual Harassment," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10(4):503-515.

Ullman, Sarah E., and Raymond A. Knight, 1992, "Fighting Back: Women's Resistance to Rape," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 7(1):31-43.

Warren, Janet I., et al., 1991, "Prediction of Rapist Type and Violence from Verbal, Physical, and Sexual Scales," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6(1):55-67.

BOOKS

Baron, Larry, and Murray A. Straus, 1989, Four Theories of Rape in American Society: A State-Level Analysis, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Brownmiller, Susan, 1975, Against Our Will,

Caputi, Jane, 1987, The Age of Sex Crime,

Ellis, Lee, 1989, Theories of Rape: Inquiries into the Causes of Sexual Aggression, New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.

Katz, Sedelle, and Mary Ann Mazur, 1979, Understanding the Rape Victim: A Synthesis of Research Findings, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Kelly, Liz, 1988, Surviving Sexual Violence, Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.

Koss, Mary P., and Mary R. Harvey, 1991, The Rape Victim: Clinical and Community Interventions, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Leone, Bruno, and Katie de Koster, eds., 1995, Rape on Campus, San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc.

Levy, Barrie, ed., 1991, Dating Violence: Young Women in Danger, Seattle, WA: The Seal Press.

Matthews, Nancy A., 1994, Confronting Rape: The Feminist Anti-Rape Movement and the State, New York, NY: Routledge.

Mitchell, Julian, and Jill Morse, 1998, From Victims to Survivors: Reclaimed Voices of Women Sexually Abuse in Childhood, Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis.

Ryan, Gail, and Sandy Lane, eds., 1997, Juvenile Sexual Offending: Causes, Consequences, and Corrections, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Sanday, Peggy Reeves, 1990, Fraternity Gang Rape: Sex, Brotherhood, and Privilege on Campus,

Sunday, Suzanne R., and Ethel Tobach, eds., 1985, Violence Against Women: A Critique of the Sociobiology of Rape, New York, NY: Gordian Press.

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15. Homicide (including serial and mass killers)

MAIN POINTS

1. Most murderers are men, and in the USA most homicides are committed with firearms.
2. In the majority of cases the murderers and victims are acquainted as family or friends, although stranger homicides are on the increase; an important factor is victim vulnerability.
2. A disproportionate percentage of murder victims are young men and black.
3. In the US serial murders were relatively rare until the 1960s.
4. The vast majority of serial killers are white males and most of their victims are women (e.g., Ted Bundy, David Berkowitz).
4. The number of victims of a serial killer and the viciousness of the crime (including torture and mutilation) are both increasing.
5. Pornography (including "snuff films") can be a significant contributing factor.
6. These facts about serial killers and other considerations have led some authorities to view violence against women as part of a reign of sexual terror in society.
7. Mass murders kill numerous people in one episode or within a brief period; and the three types of mass murders are family slayings, for profit or expediency, and for sex or sadism.

QUESTIONS

1. Why do people commit murder, are they just monsters, insane, or socio- or psycho-pathic personalities?
2. Is murder ever justified?
3. Are murders in any sense also victims?
4. How does homicide vary by classes (age, sex, socioeconomic), regionally, historically, cross-culturally, and cross-nationally?
5. What theories have been proposed to explain murder?
5. What weapons are most commonly used in homicide?
6. How would adequate gun control affect homicide and other crimes? 7. Is gun ownership an effective way to defend oneself?
8. Do citizens in the USA have a right to own any kind of gun?
9. What is the relationship between guns and violence in other cultures and nations?
10.Do other societies and nations have effective means to control guns and related violence?

REQUIRED READING

Devine, Philip E., 1978, "Justifications of Homicide," in The Ethics of Homicide, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 134-166.

Keeney, Belea T., and Kathleen M. Heide, 1994, "Gender Differences in Serial Murderers," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9(3):383-398.

CASES

Bugliosi, Vincent, and curt Gentry, 1974, Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders, New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.

Capote, Truman, 1965, In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences, New York, NY: Random House.

Emmons, Nuel, 1986, Manson in His Own Words: As Told to Nuel Emmons, New York, NY: Grove Press.

Gibbs, Nancy, et al., 1996, Mad Genius: The Odyssey, Pursuit, and Capture of the Unabomber Suspect, New York, NY: WarnerBooks, Inc.

Palmer, Stuart, 1960, The Psychology of Murder, New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, Co. (includes interviews with murderers).

ARTICLES

Genser, Lillian Mellen, 1990, "Peace Education- A Response to Violence in Detroit," in Perspectives on Nonviolence, V.K. Kool, ed., New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, pp. 238-246.

Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1990, 5(2), special issue "Black Homicide: A Public Health Crisis."

Keeney, Belea T., and Kathleen M. Heide, 1994, "Gender Differences in Serial Murderers: A Preliminary Analysis," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9(3):383-398.

Larson, Erik, 1994, "The Culture," in his Lethal Passage: How the Travels of a Single Handgun Expose the Roots of America's Gun Crisis, New York, NY: Crown Publishers, pp. 161-199.

Palmer, Stuart, 1973, "Characteristics of Homicide and Suicide Victims in Forty Non-Literate Societies," in Victimology: A New Focus: Volume IV Violence and Its Victims, Israel Drapkin and Emilio Viano, eds., Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, pp. 43-53.

Rosenberg, Sharon, 1996, "Intersecting Memories: Bearing Witness to the 1989 Massacre of Women in Montreal," Hypatia 11(4):119-129.

Unnithan, N. Prabha, Lin Huff-Corzine, and Hugh P. Whitt, 1994, "Cross-National Patterns of Lethal Violence," in The Currents of Lethal Violence: An Integrated Model of Suicide and Homicide, N. Prabha Unnithan, et al., Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 117-143.

BOOKS

Barrett, Paul W., and Mary H. Barrett, 1988, Young Brothers Massacre, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.

Bortnick, Barry, 1995, Polly Klass- the Murder of America's Child, New York, NY: Kensington Publishing Co.

Cawthorne, Nigel, 1995, Satanic Murder, London, UK: True Crime.

Cooper, David E., ed., 1974, The Manson Murders: A Philosophical Inquiry, Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Co.

Daly, Martin, and Margo Wilson, 1988, Homicide, New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

DeVine, Philip E., 1978, The Ethics of Homicide, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Egger, Steven A., 1998, The Killers Among Us: An Examination of Serial Murder and Its Investigation, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Giannangelo, Stephen J., 1996, The Psychopathology of Serial Murder: A Theory of Violence, Westport, CT: Praeger.

Hartman, Mary S., 1977, Victorian Murderers, New York, NY: Robson Books.

Hickey, Eric W., 1991, Serial Murderers and Their Victims, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.

Holmes, Ronald M., and Stephen T. Holmes, 1994, Murder in America, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kelleher, Michael D., and C.L. Kelleher, 1998, Murder Most Rare: The Female Serial Killer, New york, NY: Praeger.

Knox, Sara L., 1998, Murder: A Tale of Modern American Life, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Lavergne, Gary M., 1997, A Sniper in the Tower: The Charles Witman Murders, Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press.

Lester, David, 1995, Serial Killers: The Insatiable Passion, Philadelphia, PA: The Charles Press, Publishers.

Levin, Jack, and James Alan Fox, 1985, Mass Murderer: America's Growing Menace,

Malin, Irving, 1968, Truman Capote's In Cold Blood: A Critical Handbook, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Norris, Joel, 1988, Serial Killers, New York, NY: Doubleday/Anchor.

Ressler, Robert K., 1997, Tom Schachtman: I Have Lived Inside the Monster, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.

Samenow, Stanton E., 1984, Inside the Criminal Mind, New York, NY: Time Books.

Schreck, Nikolas, et al., eds., 1988, The Manson File, New York, NY: Amok Press.

Seltzer, Mark, 1998, Serial Killers: Death and Life in America's Wound Culture, New York, NY: Routledge.

Tithecott, Richard, 1997, Of Men and Monsters: Jeffrey Dahmer and the Construction of the Serial Killer, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Unnithan, N. Prabha, et al., 1994, The Currents of Lethal Violence: An Integrated Model of Suicide and Homicide, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

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PART III - INTERGROUP AND INSTITUTIONAL VIOLENCE

16. Blood or Revenge Feuding and Raiding

MAIN POINTS

1. Blood or revenge feuding is a common form of intergroup violence in many different types of societies from the Yanomami to the USA early in this century through today (e.g., US bombing of terrorist facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan).
2. Although the universality of war is a contentious question, less so is the universality or at least generality of blood revenge.
3. Blood revenge may be one component of war, but blood revenge may also be pursued independently of war in societies which are otherwise relatively nonviolent and peaceful.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the nature of conflict, violence, and murder in connection with blood or revenge feuding and associated raiding and ambush behavior?
2. How and why have these changed in the courses of cultural evolution and history?
3. Are blood feuding and raiding really warfare?

REQUIRED READING

Chagnon, Napoleon A., 1996, "Chronic Problems in Understanding Tribal Violence and Warfare," in Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior, G.R. Bock and J.A. Goode, eds., Ciba Foundation Symposium 194, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 202-236.

Boehm, Christopher, 1984, "Feuding in the Nonliterate World," in his Blood Revenge: The Enactment and Management of Conflict in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 191-227.

Levinson, David, 1994, "Feuding," in his Aggression and Conflict: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 63-66.

CASES

Chagnon, Napoleon A., 1997. Yanomamo, New York, NY: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

Rice, O.K., 1982, The Hatfields and the McCoys. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.

Bohem, Christopher, 1986, Blood Revenge: The Enactment and Management of Conflict in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvannia Press?

ARTICLES

Chagnon, Napoleon A., 1988, "Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population," Science 239:985-991.

DiCanio, Margaret, 1993, "Revenge," in her The Encyclopedia of Violence, New York, NY: Facts on File, pp. 226-229.

Dirks, Robert, 1988, "Annual Rituals of Conflict," American Anthropologist 90:856-870.

Ember, Carol R., and Melvin Ember, 1994, "War, Socialization, and Interpersonal Violence," Journal of Conflict Resolution 38(4):620-646.

Ferguson, R. Brian, 1992, "Tribal Warfare," Scientific American 266(1):108-113.

Ferguson, R. brian, 1992, "A Savage Encounter: Western Contact and the Yanomami War Complex," in War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare, R.B. Ferguson and N.L. Whitehead, eds., Santa Fe, NM: School for American Research, pp. 199-227.

Eriksen, Karen Paige, and Heather Horton, 1992, "Blood Feuds": Cross-Cultural Variations in Kin Group Vengeance," Behavior Science Research 26(1-4):57-85.

Gibson, Thomas, 1990, "Raiding, Trading, and Tribal Autonomy in Insular Southeast Asia," in The Anthropology of War, Jonathan Haas, ed., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 125-145.

Masamura, Wilfred T., 1977, "Law and Violence: A Cross-Cultural Study," Journal of Anthropological Research 33:388-399.

Otterbein, Keith F., and Charlotte S. Otterbein, 1965, "An Eye for an Eye, a Tooth for a Tooth: A Cross-Cultural Study of Feuding," American Anthropologist 67:1470-1482.

Podolefsky, A., 1984, "Contemporary Warfare in the New Guinea Highlands," Ethnology XXIII(2):73-87.

Pospisil, Leopold, 1968, "Feud," International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, David L. Sills, ed., New York, NY: Crowell Collier and Macmillan, Inc., 5:389-393.

Ramos, Alcida Rita, 1987, "Reflecting on the Yanomami: Ethnographic Images and the Pursuit of the Exotic," Cultural Anthropology 2:284-304.

Sponsel, Leslie E., 1998, "Yanomami: An Arena of Conflict and Aggression in the Amazon," Aggressive Behavior 24:97-122.

Torre, Angelo, 1994, "Feuding, Factions, and Parties: The Redefinition of Politics in the Imperial Fiefs of Langhe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," in History from Crime, Edward Muir and Guido Ruggiero, eds., Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 135-169.

BOOKS

Greenberg, James B., 1989, Blood Ties: Life and Violence in Rural Mexico, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.

Jacoby, Susan, 1976, Wild Justice: The Evolution of Revenge,

Pearce, John, 1994, Days of Darkness: The Feuds of Eastern Kentucky, Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.

Tavris, Carol, 1989, Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion,

Waller, Altina L., 1988, Feud: Hatfields, McCoys, and Social Chnge in Appalachia, 1860-1900, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

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17. Violence in the Media and Entertainment Industries (news, movies, television, video games, photography, art, music, drama, literature, sports, and recreation, etc.)

MAIN POINTS

1. Violence permeates many, if not all aspects, of US society including news, entertainment, and sports; some would even argue that it is systemic.
2. Many argue that displays of violence in these media may even glamorize and celebrate it, and thereby teach children to be violent and to positively value violence as expectable, acceptable, justifiable, and even honorable behavior.
3. However, the extent and ways in which television, movies, video games, and the like stimulate violence remains very controversial.
4. Exposure to violence in the media may contribute to an individual's violent behavior or it may affect nonaggressive but antisocial behavior.
5. The media may direct the viewer's attention to novel forms of violent behavior that they would not otherwise even consider.
6. Blaming the media alone for the epidemic of violence in US society may be politically and psychologically convenient, but may divert attention from much deeper systemic causes including historical, structural, and cultural factors.

QUESTIONS

1. Does violence in the media affect children, juveniles, adults, classes, "races," ethnic groups, and society as a whole?
2. Do music, sports, television, video games, and other particular types of mass media promote violence?
3. Should violence in the media be censored, managed, reduced, or even eliminated completely?
4. Should households, media, and/or the government control violence in the media?
5. When relatively nonviolent and violent cultures are compared do researchers find significant differences in the character of their entertainment such as play and sports?
6. Are there any examples of media, entertainment, sports, and recreation which are nonviolent yet still very attractive?
7. Do sports act as a catharsis or a catalyst for violence among fans?

REQUIRED READING

TEXT: Englander Ch. 5

Felson, Richard B., 1996, "Mass Media Effects on Violent Behavior," Annual Review of Sociology, 22:103-128.

Waddington, David, 1992, "Football Hooliganism," in Contemporary Issues in Public Disorder: A Comparative and Historical Approach, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 117-139.

CASE

Duclos, Denis, 1998, The Werewolf Complex: America's Fascination with Violence. New York, NY: Berg.

ARTICLES

Centerwall, Brandon, 1997, "Television and Violence," in Violence: From Biology to Society, J.S. Grisolia, et al., eds., New York, NY: Elsevier, pp. 131-139.

Dunning, Eric, Patrick Murphy, and John Williams, 1986, "`Casuals', `Terrace Crews' and `Fighting Firms': Towards a Sociological Explanation of Football Hooligan Behaviour," in The Anthropology of Violence, David Riches, ed., New York, NY: Basil Blackwell, pp. 164-184.

Felson, Richard B., 1996, "Mass Media Effects on Violent Behavior," Annual Review of Sociology 22:103-128.

Geen, Russell G., 1994, "Violence, Observational Effects on Behavior," in Encyclopedia of Human Behavior 4:459-467.

Hage, Jr., James F., 1994, "Media Pervasiveness," Foreign Affairs 73(4):136-144.

Harper, Sue, 1997, "Popular Film, Popular Memory: The Case of the Second World War," War and Memory in the Twentieth Century, Martin Evans and Ken Lunn, ed., New York, NY: Berg, pp. 163-176.

Irwin, A. Roland, and Alan M. Gross, 1995, "Cognitive Tempo, Violent Video Games, and Aggressive Behavior in Young Boys," Journal of Family Violence 10(3):337-350.

King, A., 1995, "Outline of a Practical Theory of Football Violence," Sociology 29(4):635-651.

Kitchen, Martin, 1995, "The Arts and Entertainment in Wartime Germany," Nazi Germany at War, New York, NY: Longman, pp. 260-287.

Marsh, Rosalind J., 1988, "The Arts as Forces in Shaping Cultural Norms Relating to War and Environment," in Cultural Norms, War and the Environment, Arthur H. Westing, ed., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 121-150.

Marvin, Garry, 1986, "Honour, Integrity and the Problem of Violence in the Spanish Bullfight," in The Anthropology of Violence, David Riches, ed., New York, NY: Basil Blackwell, pp. 118-135

Moeran, Brian, 1986, "The Beauty of Violence: Jidaigeki, Yakuza and `Eroduction' Films in Japanese Cinema," in The Anthropology of Violence, David Riches, ed., New York, NY: Basil Blackwell, 103-117.

Pitt-Rivers, Julian, 1993, "The Spanish Bull Fight and Kindred Activities," Anthropology Today 9:11-15.

Sadkovich, James T., 1996, "The Response of the American Media to Balkan Neo-Nationalism," Genocide After Emotion: The Postemotional Balkan War, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 113-157.

Sheik, Ali T., 1990, "Not the Whole Truth: Soviet and Western Media Coverage of the Afghan Conflict," Conflict Quarterly X(4):73-92.

Sipes, Richard G., 19783, "War, Sports and Aggression: An Empirical Test of Two Rival Theories," American Anthropologist 75:64-86.

Sluka, Jeffrey A., 1992, "The Politics of Painting: Political Murals in Northern Ireland," in The Paths to Domination, Resistance and Terror, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 190-216.

Waddington, David, 1992, "Football Hooliganism," in Contemporary Issues in Public Disorder, David Wadington, New York NY: Routledge, pp. 117-139.

BOOKS

Alloway, Lawrence, 1984, Violent America: The Movies, 1946-1964, New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art.

Armstrong, Nancy, and Leonard Tennenhouse, eds., 1989, The Violence of Representation: Literature and the History of Violence, New York, NY: Routledge.

Bok, Sissela, 1998, Mayhem: Violence as Public Entertainment, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Buitenhuis, Peter, 1987, The Great War of Words: British, American, and Canadian Propaganda and Fiction 1914-1933, Vancouver, Briths Columbia: University of British Columbia Press.

Camus, Albert, 1991, Between Hell and Reason: Essays from the Resistance Newspaper Combat 1944-1947, Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

Collins, L.J., 1998, Theatre at War 1914-18, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.

Darracott, Joseph, 1989, A Cartoon War: World War Two in Cartoons, London, England: Leo Cooper.

Dibbet, Karel, and Bert Higenkamp, 1995, Film and the First World War, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.

Douglas, Roy, 1992, Between the Wars 1919-1939: The Cartoonists' Vision, New York, NY: Routledge.

Fraser, John, 1974, Violence in the Arts, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Giulianotti, R., N. Bonney, and M. Hepworth, 1994, Football, Violence, and Social Identity, New York, NY: Routledge.

Guenther, Bruce, 1985, States of War: New European and American Paintings, Seattle, WA: Seattle Art Museum.

Herman, E.S., and Noam Chomsky, 1988, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, New York, NY: Pantheon.

Holovak, Mike, 1967, Violence Every Sunday: The Story of a Professional Football Coach, New York, NY: Coward-McCann.

Howlett, Jana, and Rod Menghan, 1994, The Violent Muse: Violence and the Artistic Imagination in Europe, 1910-1939, Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.

Isenberg, Michael T., 1981, War on Film: The Cinema and World War II, 1914-1941, Madison, WI: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.

Kellner, Douglas, 1995, Media Culture, Cultural Studies, and Identity: Politics Between the Modern and Postmodern, New York, NY: Routledge.

Koppes, Clayton R., and Gregory D. Black, 1987, Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits, and Propaganda Shaped World War II Movies, New York, NY: The Free Press.

Laks, Szymon, 1989, Music of Another World, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press [Auschwitz orchestra].

Lipstadt, Deborah E., 1986, Beyond Belief: The Press and the Coming Holocaust 1933-45, New York, NY: Free Press.

Prochnau, William, 1995, Once Upon A War: David Halberstam, Neil Sheehan, Peter Arnett- Young War Correspondents and their Early Vietnam Battles, New York, NY: Vintage.

Puppi, Lionello, 1991, Torment in Art: Pain, Violence, and Martyrdom, New York, NY: Rizzoli.

Rawls, Walton, 1988, Wake Up, America! World War I and the American Poster, New York, NY: Abbeville Press Publishers.

Schiff, Hilda, 1995, Holocaust Poetry, New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin.

Simpson, Marc, 1988, Winslow Homer: Paintings of the Civil War, San Francisco, CA: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.

Stevenson, Lauralee Trent, 1998, Confederate Soldiers Artists: Painting the South War, Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publications.

Sumner, Colin, 1997, Violence, Culture and Censure, New York, NY:
Taiso, Yoshitoshi, 1992, Beauty and Violence: Japanese Prints by Yoshitoshi 1839-1892,

Tobin, James, 1997, Ernie Pyle's War - America's Eyewitnes to World War II, New York, NY: Free Press.

Twitchell, James B., 1981, The Living Dead: A Study of the Vampire in Romantic Literature, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Ward, Larry Watne, 1985, The Motion Picture Goes to War: The U.S. Government Film Effort during World War I, Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press.

Wilder, Amos N., 1994, Armageddon Revisited: A World War I Journal, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Wolfsfeld, Gadi, 1997, Media and Political Conflict: News from the Middle East, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Yonah, Alexander, and Richard Latter, eds., 1990, Terrorism and the Media: Dilemma for Government, Journalists and the Public, Washington, D.C.: Brassey's.

Yonah, Alexander, and Robert G. Picard, eds., 1991, In the Camera's Eye: News Coverage of Terrorist Events, Washington, D.C.: Brassey's.

 

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18. Classroom, School and Campus Violence

MAIN POINTS

1. Violence among youth is increasing and recognized as a major public health problem.
2. Schools, colleges, and universities are not immune to violence as they are microcosms of city, society, and nation.
3. However, violence on campuses has only begun to be more adequately reported and recognized in recent years, especially with several widely publicized notorious campus crimes (e.g., University of Florida murders) and since the 1990 Student Right to Know Act of the US federal government.
4. At colleges and universities fraternity members are responsible for a significant amount of campus crime, often in connection with rituals of initiation hazing or fraternal solidarity; the frequency of gang rape is probably higher on campuses than elsewhere.
5. Growing bigotry (sexual, racial and ethnic prejudice and hatred), some supposedly protected by freedom of speech, has contributed to increased violence on campuses and exposes the very serious and urgent need for multicultural sensitivity training and other educational programs to promote understanding, harmony, and community.
6. One response to growing campus violence has been a shift in the training, responsibilities, and facilities of campus security forces.
7. Other responses must be treating violence as a public health problem; violence prevention through education; training in mediation techniques and nonviolent conflict resolution skills; a course in violence and nonviolence studies as a core degree requirement; facing the larger community which breeds violence including the entertainment industry and sports; establish the campus as a violence-free zone; recognizing systemic violence within the educational system itself; and, ultimately, even questioning the acceptability and justification of violence.

QUESTIONS

1. What kinds of violence occur in classrooms, schools, and campuses (colleges and universities)?
2. Is violence becoming more frequent and more serious in these contexts?
3. What factors contribute to this violence?
4. Who is responsible--- the individual perpetrators, parents, administrators and teachers, community, government, and/or society? 5. Should subadult criminals be treated as adults in the legal and penal systems?
6. What are the risk factors in students and institutions?
7. Are such institutions inherently violent in their very conceptualization, structure, and functioning?
8. What preventive and security measures can be taken?
9. Can psychological counseling help?
10. Can training in nonviolent conflict resolution help?

REQUIRED READING

Beynon, John, 1989, "A School for Men: An Ethnographic Case Study of Routine Violence in Schooling," in Human Aggression: Naturalistic Approaches, John Archer and Kevin Browne, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 122-150.

Epp, Juanita Ross, 1996, "Schools, Complicity, and Sources of Violence," in Systemic Violence: How Schools Hurt Children, Washington, D.C.: The Falmer Press, pp. 1-23.

Kopka, Deborah L., 1997, "Overview," in School Violence: A Reference Handbook, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 1-34.

ARTICLES

Benyon, John, 1989, "A School for Men: An Ethnographic Case Study of Routine Violence in Schooling," in Human Aggression: Naturalistic Approaches, John Archer and Kevin Browne, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 122-150.

Carnegie Foundation, 1990, "Campus Life: In Search of Community," Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Report.

Cohen, Jeffrey H., et al., 1994, "A Primer on School Violence Prevention," Journal of School Health 64(8):309-312.

DiCanio, Margaret, 1993, "Violence Prevention: The Evolution of a Pilot Program for Adolescents," in her The Encyclopedia of Violence, New York, NY: Facts on File, pp. 279-284.

Epp, Juanita Ross, 1996, "Schools, Complicity, and Sources of Violence," in Systemic Violence: How Schools Hurt Children, Juanita Ross Epp and Ailsa M. Watkinson, eds., Washington, D.C.: The Falmer Press, pp. 11-23.

Harris, Ian M., 1988, "The Coalition for Nonviolence in Schools: A Case Study in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.," Peace Research 30(2):62-73.

Hyman, Irwin A., and Jacqueline Clarke, 1991, "Institutional Violence Directed Toward Children: The Case of Corporal Punishment in Schools," in Targets of Violence and Aggression, Ronald Baenninger, ed., New York, NY: North-Holland, pp. 159-210.

Millicent, Lawton, 1994, "Schools Embrace Violence-Prevention Curricula," Education Week 14(10): 1, 10-11.

Olweus, Dan, 1991, "Victimization among School Children," in Targets of Violence and Aggression, Ronald Baenninger, ed., New York, NY: North-Holland, pp. 45-102.

Olweus, Dan, 1992, "Bullying Among Schoolchildren: Intervention and Prevention," in pp. Aggression and Violence Throughout the Life Span, Ray DeV. Peters, Robert J. McMahon, and Vernon L. Quinsey, eds., Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 100-125.

Prothrow-Stith, Deborah, 1994, "Building Violence Prevention into the Curriculum," The School Administrator 11.

Schwartz, Eitan D., 1993, "Malignant Memories: Effect of a Shooting in the Workplace on School Personnel's Attitudes," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 8(4):468-485.

BOOKS

Epp, Juanita Ross, and Ailsa M. Watkinson, eds., 1997, Systemic Violence in Education: Promise Broken, Albany, NY: State University of New York.

Freire, P., 1970, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, New York, NY: Herder and Herder.

Goldstein, Arnold P., 1984, School Violence, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Johnson, David W., 1995, Reducing School Violence Through Conflict Resolution, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Kopka, Deborah L., 1997, School Violence: A Reference Handbook, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Lantieri, Linda, 1996, Waging Peace in Our Schools, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Ostrander, Curtis, and Joseph Schwartz, 1994, Crime at College: The Student Guide to Personal Safety, Ithaca, NY: New Strategist Publications.

Quarles, Charles L., 1993, Staying Safe At School, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Shostak, John F., 1986, Schooling the Violent Imagination, New York, NY: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

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19. Violence in the Workplace, Road Rage, etc.

MAIN POINTS

1. Clearly some kinds of workplaces and employees may be more at risk for violence than others, such as prisons and prison guards.
2. However, in the last 15 years in the US an apparently new trend has developed to use violence (assault, single and mass homicide, etc.) as a mean to solve problems in the workplace. This was virtually unheard of prior to 1980.
3. Homicide is now second only to work related accidents as the cause of death in the workplace. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health estimates that about 1,400 people are murdered in the workplace annually in the US.
4. The perpetrators are employees who are disgruntled with some aspects of their job or who bring personal problems or disputes into it, and customers who are dissatisfied with goods or services. 5. The perpetrators are usually males under 35 years of age, act alone, use handguns, and most have psychiatric disorders.
6. Violence in the workplace may be merely symptomatic of more widespread and deeper systemic violence growing in society as a whole.
7. In part this may involve an increasing number of individuals who view violence as a viable solution for any of life's ills.
8. This growing threat to the personal security and welfare of employers and employees in the workplace has created an environment of stress, fear, and anxiety which requires more effective means of employee relations, violence prevention, crisis management, and conflict resolution.

QUESTIONS

1. Is violence in the workplace a new development and on the increase?
1. What kinds of violence occur in the workplace?
2. Is violence more frequent in some kinds of workplaces than others?
3. What kinds of people commit violence in the workplace?
4. What effective preventive, crisis, and conflict management measures are being developed in the workplace?

REQUIRED READING

Feldmann, Theodore B., and Philip W. Johnson, 1996, "Workplace Violence: A New Form of Lethal Aggression," in Lethal Violence 2000: A Sourcebook of Fatal Domestic, Acquaintance and Stranger Aggression, Harold V. Hall, ed., Kamuela, HI: Pacific Institute for the Study of Conflict and Aggression, pp. 311-338.

ARTICLES

Baron, Robert A., and Joel H. Neuman, 1996, "Workplace Violence and Workplace Aggression: Evidence on Their Relative Frequency and Potential Causes," Aggressive Behavior 22(3):163-173.

Duncan, T.S., 1993, "Death in the Office: Workplace Homicides," FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 64(4):20-25.

Elsayed-Ekhouly, Sayed M., and Richard Buda, 1996, "Organizational Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Conflict Styles Across Cultures," International Journal of Conflict Management 7(1):71-81.

Layden, Dianne R., 1996, "Violence, the Emotionally Enraged Employee, and the Workplace: Managerial Considerations," in States of Rage: Emotional Eruption, Violence and Social Change, Renee R. Curry and Terry L. Allison, eds., Albany, NY: New York University Press, pp. 35-60.

Lee, Hyun O., and Randall G. Reagan, 1991, "A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Organization Conflict Management," International Journal of Confl