MINIMAL CONDITIONS FOR RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH

1. adhere to professional ethics

2. honor human rights, including the human dignity of the Yanomami

3. respect Yanomami culture and sensitivities (cultural relativism)

4. attend to the needs and interests of Yanomami as feasible.

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DECLARATION OF BARBADOS 1971

1. A scientism that negates any relationship between academic research and the future of people who form the object of the research, thus eschewing the political responsibility that the relationship contains;

2. A hypocrisy manifested in a rhetorical protestation based on first principles, which skillfully avoids any commitment to a concrete situation; and

3. An opportunism that, although it may recognize the present painful situation of the Indian, at the same time rejects any possibility of transformative action by proposing the need "to do something" within the established order; this position only affirms and continues the system" Dostal 1971:278-80, Bartolome, et al., 1973).

Bartolome, Miguel Alberto, et al., 1973 (June), "The Declaration of Barbados: For the Liberation of Indians," Current Anthropology 14(3):267-270.

Dostal, W., ed., 1971, The Situation of the Indian in South America.

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CULTURAL SURVIVAL NEEDS*

1. geographic and economic marginality

2. balance between separation and integration

3. attachment to ancestral lands and self-sufficiency as well as self-determination allowed by a democratic state respecting multi-ethnicity

4. population stable or increasing, rather than declining

5. memory of precontact and contact history and culture with conscious counter-cultural strategies in opposition to colonials;

6. common identity with meaningful and resilient traditions including religion

7. political organization and mobilization as well as networking with other indigenous organizations and relevant NGOs for human rights and environmental protection.

* Elsass, Peter, 1992, Strategies for Survival:
The Psychology of Cultural Resilience in Ethnic Minorities.

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COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT*

Needs assessment - process of identifying and seeking solutions to the problems of particular peoples

Participatory-action model - collaboration between anthropologist and local community

Instruments -

survey questionnaires

key-informant interviews

group interviews

community forums

participant observation

Emic - one means for developing an some inside understanding of a culture

* Ervin, Alexander M., 2000, Applied Anthropology:
Tools and Perspectives for Contemporary Practice.

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DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS*

1947 Nuremberg Code

1964 Helsinki Declaration

1976 Belmont Report

1949 Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA) Report of Committee on Ethics

1967 AAA Statement on Problems of Anthropological Research and Ethics

1971 Barbados Declaration

1988 National Association for the Practice of Anthropology (NAPA) issues Ethical Guidelines for Practitioners

1990 Belem Declaration

1998 AAA Code of Ethics

2001 AAA Committee on Ethics Briefing Papers

* See Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, 2002, Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for Ethically Conscious Practice.

Also see John Bodley, 1999, Victims of Progress, Chs. 11.